<p>The Frog Hollow Stone Mill, or just the Stone Mill, is a historic industrial building at 3 Mill Street in Middlebury, Vermont. Built in 1840, it is an important local reminder of the town&#39;s industrial past, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It presently houses a restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Frog Hollow Stone Mill stands on the south bank of Otter Creek, at a point where the normally north-flowing river bends to the west. The mill is located a short way west of downtown Middlebury. The building is four stories in height, and is built out of locally quarried stone laid in irregular courses. It is covered by a gabled roof. The main facade, facing south toward Mill Street, is symmetrical, with recessed loading bay entrances at the center of each level, flanked on each side by sash windows. A loading boom projects above the top level in the gable. The interior of the building, including some of its internal structural elements, reflect alterations due primarily to a history of fires with which it was plagued.</p><br>
<p>Industrial use of the mill site began early in Middlebury&#39;s history, with a grist mill built there in 1789. In 1812, the mill was converted to cotton textile production, and in 1835 the Middlebury Manufacturing Company was founded. The present building was erected in 1840, and underwent a number of ownership changes, fires, and other alterations into the 20th century. It was acquired by the town in the early 1970s, and is now in commercial retail use.</p><br>
<p>Saddlebow Farm is a historic farm property at 2477 Gold Coast Road in Bridgewater, Vermont. With a history dating to the 1780s, the property is a fine example of the conversion of agricultural properties to summer and tourist-oriented uses in the 20th century. The 140 acre property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Saddlebow Farm is located in a rural upland area north of the village of Bridgewater. The property consists of about 140 acre in an L-shaped parcel., of which about 8 acre are in meadow and the balance is wooded. The high point of the property is on a ridge north of the house, which has been cleared to provide 360-degree views. The farm complex is located on the northwest side of Gold Coast Road, amid the meadows. Its central focus is the 1786 Cape style house, which has been enlarged for first tourist and later summer residential use, but retains original features and fixtures in its core. A particularly distinctive feature, found only locally in the Bridgewater area, is an "outdoor living room": this is a former woodshed attached to the south side of the house, with carriage door bays in the front that are open during warmer seasons and only enclosed in the winter.</p><br>
<p>The farm&#39;s documentary history begins in 1786, when the land was acquired by Joseph French, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War. After 59 years of ownership by members of the French family, it underwent a number of ownership changes into the 20th century, the property varying in size from 140 to 190 acres. The farm was not really suitable for either subsistence or dairy farming, and it was sold in 1931 to Frances Weed of Summerville, South Carolina. Mrs. Weed converted the property to an inn, expanding the farmhouse to accommodate guests. The inn was not a financial success, probably due to the Great Depression, and the property was sold in 1937 into private hands. First used as a summer residence, it has been converted back into a year-round residence, with a series of farm buildings added during the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Fairlee Town Hall, at 75 Town Center Road, is the municipal heart of Fairlee, Vermont. It was built in 1913 to a design by a local architect, replacing the old Fairlee Opera House, which was destroyed by fire in 1912. It is a fine example of Colonial Revival architecture, and is a focal point of the village center and the town&#39;s civic life. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Fairlee Town Hall is located on the north side of Town Common Road, a loop road on the north side of United States Route 5, the main road through Fairlee village. It is prominently sited between the community church and the local community store. It is a two story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, clapboarded exterior, and a poured concrete foundation finished above grade with rusticated concrete blocks. The east-facing front facade is symmetrical, with paired sash windows in the upper bays, and large fixed windows flanking the centered entrance on the ground floor. The entrance is sheltered by a hip-roofed porch supported by paired round columns with Colonial Revival styling. On either side of the main block are small single-story additions, one housing a storage vault. The interior of the building has an entry area with stairs to the second-floor auditorium and a small ticket booth (now storage closet). The first floor houses town offices, which have taken over space originally occupied by the library, and a meeting space and dining hall. The auditorium features a pressed tin ceiling, raised stage, and balcony. The painted curtain, ordered in 1912 for the opera house, depicts nearby Lake Morey. The building interior has retained virtually all of its original Colonial Revival trim.</p><br>
<p>On December 5, 1912, a fire raced through Fairlee&#39;s village center, destroying the Fairlee Opera House, church, library, and meetinghouse. The town acquired the opera house parcel and built the present structure in 1913. It was designed by John Donahue, a local architect with no other known commissions in the town. The side additions were added in the 1950s. Although the library has moved out, the building remains a focal point of community life, housing town offices and hosting events in the auditorium.</p><br>
<p>Hans J. Jorgensen Barn is a historic building located in Kimballton, Iowa, United States. Its significance is derived from its association with Jorgensen, who was the instrumental in the founding and early growth of the town, a Danish immigrant community. The barn is a pyramidal roof variant of the Square Hipped Roof Barn. Built in 1908, it is the only barn of this type that remains in the Danish Settlement area. The concrete blocks used for the foundation and for the adjacent silo, which a part of this historic nomination, were locally produced in a Danish-influenced industry. The two story heavy timber structure utilized mortise and tenon construction for the animal stalls and the supports for the hay loft. The barn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Jens T. Larsen House is a historic building located in Kimballton, Iowa, United States. Its significance is derived from its association with the Danish immigrant settlement of the community, and the skilled Danish craftsman who lived and worked there. It is believed the house is the work of Anders Jensen, who may have had the assistance of his brother Thorvald. They were natives of Fyn, Denmark who immigrated with the rest of their family to Wisconsin in the 1870s before settling in Audubon County. Built in 1894, the 1½-story frame structure features a T-plan, wall dormers, and a small square tower. The original front porch has subsequently been replaced by an enclosed porch. The house was built for Jens Larsen, also a Danish immigrant. He arrived in 1874 and was engaged in farming. The southern half of Kimballton was his land. This was his retirement home, and he lived here until he died, as did his wife Elena who died in 1928. The house was acquired by their nephew Thomas Christensen, who owned it until 1962. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Hans M. Koch House, also known as the Brickyard Residence, is a historic building located in the extreme southern portion of Kimballton, Iowa, United States. Its significance is derived from its association with the Danish immigrant settlement of the area, and the skilled Danish craftsman who lived and worked here. The house was the work of its owner, Hans Koch, who was also the manager of the Crystals Springs brickyard nearby. He was a native of Slesvig, Denmark and immigrated to the United States twice. He first settled in Michigan in 1893 before returning to Denmark four years later. He immigrated a second time in 1908 settling in Kimballton. He worked as a brickmaker everywhere he lived. Built in 1908, the 1½-story brick structure is a gabled double-pile house type, which was common in the Danish settlement area of Shelby and Audubon counties in the early 20th century. It may also be an example of a Danish house form. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Nostalgic Queens Theatre is a heritage-listed cinema at George Street, Wallumbilla, Maranoa Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1939 by F & P Giles. It is also known as Queens Theatre. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 October 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Nostalgic Queen&#39;s Theatre is a modest purpose-built picture theatre built in 1939 in the town of Wallumbilla, 40 kilometres east of Roma.</p><br>
<p>Wallumbilla was the largest of three small service towns in the Shire of Bendemere (since 2008 amalgamated into the Maranoa Region), whose economy is based on primary production including cattle, grain and timber and on the natural gas industry. Europeans first settled the district in 1854 when Wallumbilla pastoral run was taken up. The township developed as a service town with the coming of the Western railway in 1880.</p><br>
<p>In the 1900s films were brought to Wallumbilla by a traveling projectionist and shown in Bishops Hall using a hand-cranked projector. At an unknown date the local shopkeeper, Eddie Murphy, purchased the hall and relocated it to the site of the current news agency. He renamed it Murphys Hall and used it as a picture theatre showing silent films accompanied by piano.</p><br>
<p>The Lumiere Brothers had produced the first moving films in Paris in 1895, followed by Edison Studios in America in 1896, although these early films were very short and simply captured events without a narrative. The first feature movie "The Story of the Kelly Gang" was made in Australia in 1906 and it was the ability of film to tell a story that was the key to its popularity. At first, films were shown as part of variety shows in theatres or were screened in halls. In the 1900s purpose built picture theatres showing a program of films accompanied by music were built in America, Europe and Australia. Some of those catering to centres with large populations were huge and luxurious, though most were far more modest.</p><br>
<p>Films were much less expensive to show than live theatre and the equipment was easily transported, making them well suited as an entertainment in country areas, some films being displayed by "picture show men" such as the one who travelled to Wallumbilla. The growing popularity of films led to the construction of many open-air theatres or simple shed-like buildings as permanent venues for showing film. Although theatre chains usually owned the large "picture palaces" in cities, most small picture theatres in Queensland were independently owned and Queensland eventually had more independently owned theatres than any other state in Australia. These small ventures, frequently family owned, did not have the capital to build lavish premises, nor did they have a large client base in country areas and might screen films only once or twice a week. The Queen&#39;s Theatre at Wallumbilla is such a picture theatre.</p><br>
<p>In 1930, Les Cadsow, a baker, bought the Wallumbilla hall and continued to use it as a picture theatre, naming it the De Luxe. It was renamed the Liberty Theatre, presumably when the Second World War broke out, but burned down in 1939. Cadsow bought new projectors with the thought of starting again but could not afford to do so and so he sold the projectors to the Giles brothers from Miles who constructed a new purpose-built picture theatre in 1941. Frank and Paddy Giles were sawmillers and builders and also operated as Rex Touring Pictures. They showed films in Miles, Dulacca, Jackson, Yuleba and Wallumbilla over a weekly circuit. Wallumbilla had the Saturday night screening as it had the largest audience.</p><br>
<p>The Wallumbilla theatre was simple in form with a timber frame clad in fibrous cement sheeting held by timber battens. Laminated arches of cypress pine, which allowed good sightlines to the screen, supported the roof. Timber was also used for the floor and the walls, which were lined with Swedish hardboard for good acoustics, though the roof was unlined. Though simple, the picture theatre aspired to a touch of Hollywood glamour with Chinese lanterns over the lights and pictures of Warner Brothers and MGM stars on the walls.</p><br>
<p>A country picture theatre such as the Queen&#39;s provided an important service to people in the surrounding area. Coming into town for a night at the pictures provided good family entertainment, a venue for courtship and an opportunity for people of all ages to meet. Picture theatres showed feature films, newsreels, and cartoons and were often also used for live shows and special events. They provided a stimulus for the imagination and a relief from isolation, particularly in the difficult years of World War II. They were a link with the wider community in Australia and with contemporary American culture as presented by Hollywood. For all these reasons, picture going enjoyed widespread popularity throughout rural Queensland between the 1920s and the advent of competition from television.</p><br>
<p>In 1954 the Giles brothers sold the theatre to Hendrickas Johannes Payne and his wife Violet who ran it in conjunction with the Queens Cafe across the road and hence the theatre became known as the Queens Theatre. They upgraded the equipment and screened every Wednesday and Saturday night plus a Saturday matinee until 1962. In August 1962 Rodney and Shirley Houston leased the theatre from Payne. The sound system was modernized and new release movies were shown. To utilize the theatre when films were not being shown, roller-skating was introduced and proved very popular. In 1967 the Houstons bought the cinema and continued to show films even during the early 1970s when television began to displace going to the pictures as the most popular form of entertainment. The Queens Theatre closed in 1975, but opened for 6 months over the summer of 1981. However, home videos then began to pose serious competition and the Queens closed for 7 years.</p><br>
<p>It was kept in good repair, however, and in 1988 was able to screen The Man from Snowy River in celebration of Australias Bicentennial year. Films were shown again in 1993 to celebrate the Wallumbilla School Centenary. Double features were then shown to full houses on two successive nights. This success encouraged the owners to reopen the theatre, renaming it the Nostalgic Queens Theatre. The equipment was upgraded and a new wide screen installed. The theatre was also connected to mains electricity supply, instead of the generator that had previously provided electricity. The theatre opened again in January 1994 screening on one Saturday night a month during the summer. The Nostalgic Queen&#39;s Theatre is still used intermittently to screen films and hosted the Movie Muster, a festival of Australian films, during the Centenary of Federation celebrations in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The exterior cladding on the front of the building was replaced in the 1980s, when the confectionary counter opening onto the street on the right hand side of the entrance was sheeted over. The bottom panels of the fibrous cement sheeting on the side and rear walls has been renewed with equivalent modern sheeting. The interior of the building is still intact.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Nostalgic Queen&#39;s Theatre is situated on the main highway through Wallumbilla.</p><br>
<p>It is a rectangular building with a timber frame. The roof is gabled and the main elevation has a plain rectangular facade clad in metal sheeting with a central doorway below a small window. The sides and rear of the building are clad in fibrous cement panels held in place by timber battens.</p><br>
<p>The interior forms a large rectangular auditorium with a ticket office to the right hand side of the entrance. Laminated timber arches support the roof and the level floor is timber. The walls are lined with vertical timber boards and hardboard sheeting.</p><br>
<p>Canvas layback seats at the rear of the theatre and canvas armchairs at the front provide seating for about 200. The building does not currently have toilets.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Nostalgic Queen&#39;s Theatre was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 October 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Nostalgic Queens Theatre, Wallumbilla is important in demonstrating the development of picture theatres in Queensland and the part that picture going played in the life of Australia in the early and mid 20th century, before it began to be displaced by television. Picture theatres enjoyed widespread popularity, especially in rural areas, as they provided not only entertainment, but also a venue for social interaction and a means of reducing isolation by providing a window into the wider world. The Queens Theatre is evidence for the popularity of picture going throughout rural Queensland in the mid 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Queen&#39;s Theatre is a purpose built picture theatre that is still in use for its original purpose. It is now one of only a few early theatres remaining in Queensland that have not been adapted for other uses.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is a good example of the type of modest picture theatre once common in rural towns, being very simple in plan and having arches to support the roof to provide good sight lines.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Queen&#39;s Theatre has important associations with the community of Wallumbilla and the surrounding area, as a venue for social interaction and popular entertainment, and for many members of which it is a focus for memories.</p><br>
<p>The John D. Bush House is a historic building located in Exira, Iowa, United States. Its significance is derived from its association with the skilled Danish immigrant craftsman Jens Uriah Hansen. He was a native of Lourup, Denmark, and was the first Dane to settle in Audubon County. Hansen was responsible for constructing numerous houses and other buildings in the Exira area. This is the only one with a high degree of structural integrity, and reflects Hansen&#39;s carpentry skills. Built in 1873, the two-story frame structure rests on a brick foundation. It features an L-shaped plan, and intersecting gabled roofs. John Bush, for whom the house was built, operated an early general store in town and served as the postmaster. The Bush family retained the property until 1935. It was used as a boarding house for five families in the 1930s. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Audubon County Home Historic District, also known as the Nathaniel Hamlin Park & Museum, is a nationally recognized historic district located south of Audubon, Iowa, United States. During their journey to the West, Mormons camped here in the 1840s. The place became known as Blue Grass Grove because of a legend that they spilled bluegrass seed from their wagons. The Meskwaki tribe used the area as a summer campground for hunting parties until 1886. The county purchased the property in 1890, and built the Renaissance Revival style home as a care facility. The facility stood empty for several years when it was designated as a preservation project to observe the United States Bicentennial. The park is named after Nathaniel Hamlin, one of the first settlers in Audubon County. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Upper Iowa River Bridge, also known as the Hartley Bridge, is a historic structure located southeast of Dorchester, Iowa, United States. It spans the Upper Iowa River for 122 ft. Allamakee County built the first permanent bridge at this location around 1870. By the early 1910s it had deteriorated to the point of needing to be replaced, and it was removed in 1913. At the time this was on the main road between Dorchester and New Albin. Chambers and Dobson of New Hampton, Iowa was awarded the $2,585 to build the concrete superstructure. The Clinton Bridge and Iron Works of Clinton, Iowa fabricated and erected the Pratt truss structure for $3,490. It was completed in July 1914, and was one of the last bridges erected in the state before the Iowa State Highway Commission standardize bridge designs for through truss bridges. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Old Banks County Courthouse is in Homer, Georgia. Construction started in 1860 but was interrupted because of the War Between the States. Construction was paid for with $6,600 in Confederate money. Construction was finished in 1875.  The building is a two-story brick courthouse with a stone foundation in the Greek Revival style. It is similar to many courthouses in Virginia, which is a result of the builders being from Virginia. It has Tuscan columns that are on top of one-story brick piers. The interior originally had a cross plan. The courtroom and judge&#39;s chambers are on the second floor, which are accessed by outside double stairways.</p><br>
<p>A new courthouse replaced this one in 1987. There were plans to demolish the building, but the citizens voted by more than a 2:1 margin to save it. It was restored in 1987–1989 with funding through a hotel/motel tax.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Cactoblastis Memorial Hall is a heritage-listed memorial at Warrego Highway, Boonarga, Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1936 by Jack Schloss. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 September 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This timber hall was completed in 1936 at Boonarga, a small settlement approximately 12 kilometres southeast of Chinchilla. The hall was erected as a monument to the cactoblastis moth which overcame prickly pear in Queensland and New South Wales during the late 1920s and early 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The appearance of prickly pear in Queensland has been attributed to a small number of prickly pear plants brought to Queensland as garden plants. By 1862 prickly pear was growing in the Chinchilla district and spread rapidly in areas where land holdings were extensive and population relatively low.</p><br>
<p>Prickly pear was declared a noxious weed in Queensland in 1893. By 1900 approximately 10,000,000 acres were affected by prickly pear; an area which had extended to an estimated 58,000,000 acres by 1920. About half of this area was so densely covered by prickly pear that the land was useless for production. The costs of mechanical and chemical methods of eradication exceeded the value of the land and therefore did not prove economically viable for controlling the spread of prickly pear.</p><br>
<p>In 1912 the Queensland government established an experimental station in the heart of prickly pear country at Dulacca under the direction of a full-time scientist. The biologist chosen to establish and run this experimental station was Dr. Jean White-Haney. These investigations were regarded as "a great experiment in scientific research&quot an experiment which was considered almost unique at this time. The progress of these investigations was followed by the international scientific community.</p><br>
<p>In 1925, 3000 cactoblastis eggs were imported from South America. These eggs were divided between the Sherwood laboratory, and the Chinchilla Field Station which had been established in 1923 as one of four Queensland field stations responsible for rearing and distributing insect supplies. The first prickly pear plant was destroyed by the cactoblastis moth at Chinchilla in September 1926. The last extensive area of prickly pear in Queensland was destroyed in 1933, and the Chinchilla Field Station was closed at the end of 1936.</p><br>
<p>The Chinchilla district was one of many areas which experienced renewed prosperity as land cleared of prickly pear was utilised for agriculture and dairying pursuits.</p><br>
<p>Proposals to erect a hall at Boonarga were first discussed in July 1934, at which time a public meeting was held and a Hall Committee appointed. Land for the proposed hall was donated by Mrs Fahey, a resident of Boonarga. In October 1934 the Committee decided to name the hall the Boonarga Cactoblastis Memorial Hall in honour of the cactoblastis moth. Finance for the hall was arranged through the Bank of New South Wales in Chinchilla with a number of Boonarga residents acting as guarantors.</p><br>
<p>Tenders for the erection of the hall were called by the Committee in June 1935. Although a tender was recommended for acceptance, tenders were reinvited in July 1935. The hall was built by local builder Mr Jack Schloss, at a cost of £435 and opened in February 1936 by Godfrey Morgan, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly. A gala ball was held to mark the occasion.</p><br>
<p>Alterations to the hall in 1963 included the addition of the second aisle on the southeastern side of the hall. A new dance floor was laid. The hall is presently used as a venue for dances, meetings and other functions.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A single-storeyed timber building set on low timber stumps with a pitched galvanised corrugated iron roof the Cactoblastis Hall is situated on the southwestern side of the Warrego Highway 12 kilometres southeast of Chinchilla. Set back about 35 m from the highway the building, approximately square in plan, consists of a central dance room with adjoining aisles on the southeastern and northwestern sides. The dance room has a simple gable roof which changes pitch to form shallower skillion roofs over the aisles.</p><br>
<p>The building is clad in weatherboards and has timber doors and a variety of windows, the originals being double hung sashes. Most of the more recent openings are fitted with glass or metal louvres. On the rear elevation is a junction in the weatherboards indicating the later addition of the southeastern aisle. Windows and possibly some of the weatherboards from the earlier southeastern wall have been reused in the addition.</p><br>
<p>The main entry doors, located in the centre of the front facade, are protected by a timber-framed gable-roofed porch with a weatherboard balustrade. A ramp has been added to the southeastern side of the porch. Above the doors, below the ridge of the roof, is hung a large sign bearing the name of the town, the hall and the date of construction which replaced the original sign. A sign to the east of these doors acknowledges the hall as a venue for meetings of the Queensland Country Women&#39;s Association. Double hung sash windows flank these timber panelled double doors.</p><br>
<p>On the northwestern side of the front facade double timber doors under a slender steel framed flat roofed porch have replaced a double hung sash window. Timber doors are also located on the side and rear facades.</p><br>
<p>The central space has an unlined roof, a timber dance floor, recently renewed, and a stage which is located at the southwestern end. A steel truss has replaced the original partition walls and swing doors between the dance room and the northwestern aisle. A large opening between the supper room in the southeastern aisle and the dance room is infilled with lattice. The ticket office is located in the northern corner, a kitchen in the eastern corner and toilets in the western corner of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cactoblastis Memorial Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 September 1993 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>As a hall erected to commemorate a significant scientific and economic event (the successful control of prickly pear by the cactoblastis moth), the Cactoblastis Memorial Hall at Boonarga is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It demonstrates a rare aspect of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage as the only known building dedicated to an insect.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It demonstrates the principal characteristics of a timber hall built to service a small rural community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>As a hall in continuous use since 1936, the place has a strong and special association with the Boonarga community.</p><br>
<p>Myall Park Botanic Garden is a heritage-listed botanic garden at Myall Park Road, Glenmorgan, Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Alfred Gray and built in the 1950s  by Harry Howe. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 November 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Myall Park Botanic Garden is a large garden devoted to the growing of Australian flora. It was established in 1941 by David Gordon (1899-2001).</p><br>
<p>David (Dave) Morrice Gordon (AM) was born 9 July 1899, the fifth of nine children for James and Agnes Gordon. In 1910 the Gordon family moved to the Western Downs region from Talbot, in the Central Goldfields region of Victoria. The Gordons took up a "prickly pear selection" known as "The Lagoons" (later Lesmoir) on the Balonne River, as part of a group settlement. The rapid infestation of the prickly pear cactus, Opuntia stricta, led to abandoned properties and surrendered large pastoral leases in affected areas of Queensland. In response, the Queensland Government introduced prickly pear selections, where land either infested or partly affected was offered for lease at good terms. Group Settlement Schemes, where three or more parties selected in the same parish, were promoted as part of this process. By the beginning of 1909, 870,849 acres (352,420.087 ha) had been taken up as prickly pear selections, the majority being in the Dalby Land Agent&#39;s district, where the Gordons settled.</p><br>
<p>The planting of Australian flora in gardens and house settings began early in Queensland and other Australian colonies, but it was not until the latter decades of the 20th century, that their popularity became widespread and gardens devoted to Australian flora became common. From the middle of the nineteenth century, large tall trees from the Araucaria family such as the bunya and hoop pines, and fig trees were widely planted, or in some instances, retained on properties after clearing. Ferns and palms suitable for indoors or simple ferneries became increasingly popular in the late 1800s. The nationalist sentiment of the Federation era influenced a wider appreciation of Australia&#39;s flora and fauna, with native plants and animals appropriated as patriotic symbols in architecture and the decorative arts and crafts. While horticulturalists, botanists and other gardening writers increasingly advocated the use of natives in gardens, most household gardeners preferred to plant out their gardens with plants that reminded them of their largely European origins. For people who were interested, only a small number of nurseries stocked a sufficient range of Australian plants. In the early 1900s Australian flora was more likely to be seen in decorative architectural elements of domestic housing than in gardens.</p><br>
<p>Though their collections were not always extensive, one type of place where Australian flora could be found was in Queenslands botanic gardens. A network of experimental botanic gardens all initially named Queens Park, were established throughout Queensland from the mid-1850s. Walter Hill, the first Superintendent of Brisbane&#39;s Botanic Garden (now the City Botanic Gardens), played a key guiding role, advising regional botanic gardens, lobbying governments for support and corresponding with like-minded institutions including the Melbourne Botanic Garden and the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew, England. Sustained by annual government grants, local residents were trustees of these early gardens and professional gardeners were employed to develop them. While part of the horticultural purpose of these places was to provide public spaces of ornament and beauty for recreation and education, research and experimentation into the utilitarian qualities of plants were also major functions.</p><br>
<p>From a very early age, Dave Gordon was interested in Australian flora. Nurtured by his father&#39;s own interest, by the age of seven he was helping to collect seed and raise native trees in Talbot. At the age of 15, following the death of his father and the enlisting of his brother Jim for military service during World War I Gordon became largely responsible for running "The Lagoons". In between developing the family property for wool production and completing schooling by correspondence, Gordon further developed his interest in native plants through extensive reading, seed collecting and experimental plantings.</p><br>
<p>In late 1926 the Gordons acquired Myall Park, comprising part of the combined blocks of Cobblegun, Lower Cobblegun and Miggabaroo, that in turn were formerly part of the large Murilla consolidated pastoral run. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Gordon improved Myall Park and acquired more property to increase wool production capacity. In 1940 a pre-existing house on the property was relocated to a ridge just west of Myall Creek and enlarged. Single men&#39;s shearing quarters were also built nearby, which were used as temporary accommodation by the Gordon family before the house was completed.</p><br>
<p>On pastoral properties producing wool, the provision of accommodation for seasonal workers during the shearing season was a necessity. Shearers quarters were built to varying standards all over Queensland from the 1840s. The Shearers and Sugar Workers Act 1905 was the first Queensland legislation to prescribe minimum standards for "proper and sufficient" seasonal workers housing. The Workers Accommodation Act 1915 and subsequent amendments extended these provisions. Requirements for quarters included a location away from other buildings used for pastoral purposes, suitable building materials, provision of a verandah, sleeping rooms for workers of a minimum size and height, and separate kitchen, dining room and cooks quarters.</p><br>
<p>To the south-west of the house, Gordon&#39;s long term vision was to establish a large garden of native plants. The site did not suit grazing purposes and featured aspects desirable for growing the type of arid and semi-arid plants favoured by Gordon. Well-drained, the area was largely unaffected by humidity and frost, had access to water, and featured a range of soil types. While beauty and climatic suitability were important considerations, Gordon also consciously chose particular inland plants for conservation purposes, because of their vulnerability in their natural habitat from land clearing and grazing practices.</p><br>
<p>The prickly pear infestation was successfully controlled across Queensland by 1933 after the introduction of the cactoblastis moth in the mid-1920s. Wool production increased and prices gradually recovered following the worst years of the Depression. Transport links were improved by the extension of the branch of the Western railway line from Dalby to its terminus, the newly surveyed town of Glenmorgan, seven kilometres south-east of Myall Park in 1931. These factors meant by the beginning of the 1940s Gordon could devote more time to establishing his garden. In 1941 the first garden plantings commenced, including needlewood (Hakea leucoptera), scarlet bottlebrush (Callistemon macropunctatus) and silver cassia (Senna artemisiodes) and species of Acacias and Eucalypts.</p><br>
<p>Gordons interest brought him into contact and correspondence with fellow native plant (and wildlife) enthusiasts from across Australia, including botanists, horticulturalists and naturalists. By the early 1940s he was providing specimens and corresponding with the Queensland Herbarium. Another early contact was George Althofer, who with his brother Peter, established Nindethana, one of Australias earliest commercial nurseries dedicated to native flora at Dripstone, New South Wales. Gordon ordered many of his first plants and seeds from Nindethana and continued to do so over many years until Myall Park became more self-sufficient in the mid-1960s.</p><br>
<p>While a private garden, the Myall Park Botanic Garden was a serious botanic undertaking from its beginnings. The singular emphasis on collecting and growing native flora was an important step in the evolution of Queenslands botanic gardens. Myall Park was only one of a handful of larger scale gardens with a botanical focus established in the first half of the twentieth century in Queensland. Others were Laurel Park Bank in Toowoomba (1932), originally a private and later council owned garden with a large collection of exotics; Anderson Park in Townsville (1932) a council owned collection of native and exotic tropical flora (mainly trees); and Adeles Grove, Albert Lestang&#39;s private experimental botanic garden. Located along Lawn Hill Creek in savannah country 200 km southwest of Burketown, by 1939 Lestang had planted over 1000 species of exotic and native plants, shrubs and trees. Lestang corresponded with Dave Gordon and sent him Grevillea and Acacia seeds, before his garden was almost completely destroyed by fire and flooding events in the early 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The 1950s were the key decade of development for Myall Park. Gordon was able to invest more time and money in the garden because of a boom in wool value that saw prices triple between 1947 and 1951. By this time 26,000 sheep were being shorn annually and Gordon was able to leave much of the responsibility of the propertys day-to-day operations with an overseer. A timber residence for the overseer and family (now known as Avochie Cottage) was constructed in the early 1950s, south of the shearers quarters. One hundred and twenty-eight hectares were fenced to prevent livestock from entering the garden. While much of the fenced area was cleared for growing purposes, with the managed garden taking up about 90 hectares, some existing brigalow-belah vegetation was retained, providing a bush setting for the garden.</p><br>
<p>In 1952, Dave Gordon married Dorothy Gemmell. Born in 1930, Dorothy was raised in Glen Aplin in the Granite Belt region, and was from a family of keen naturalists. Sharing her husbands interest in Australian flora, she strongly supported the development of the garden, assisting in numerous garden-related correspondence, preparing Australian flower displays for regional shows and events and acting as a guide and host to many of Myall Parks visitors. Prior to her marriage Dorothy had studied art, and for a period was an art teacher at Fairholme School in Toowoomba. Her immersion in garden-related activities influenced the development of her art, especially the production of botanic watercolours. Her work appeared in The Bulletin, and she was commissioned by government officials to produce art as gifts. Through her involvement in art groups who often visited Myall Park, she drew local attention to the beauty of the garden.</p><br>
<p>In 1951, Gordon employed English horticulturalist Len Miller, an assisted migrant soldier who worked as a gardener for Bristol City Council, providing accommodation for him and his wife Ivy in a new timber house, (later called Terpersie) at Myall Park. Millers first project was to plant out and record 1000 plants that Gordon had accumulated. By this time a makeshift nursery was in operation. Miller also assisted Gordon in collecting plant specimens and seeds. Initially done locally, over 1952-53 Miller travelled to New South Wales and Victoria, collecting and exchanging plants with nurseries and other enthusiasts. In 1954, Len and Ivy Miller decided to leave Myall Park. Gordon offered the Millers a contract to travel to Western Australia to places he had identified for plant collection. Between September 1954 and May 1955, the Millers collected over 700 herbarium specimens, 500 seed species and many cuttings. Collecting both cuttings and seeds meant the garden could grow plants true to their parents and raise seeds that could exhibit diversity. Complementing Gordons existing specimens and seeds, Len Miller&#39;s collection came to comprise a substantial proportion of the Myall Park herbarium.</p><br>
<p>Alfred (Alf) Gray replaced Len Miller, working from 1954 to 1957 at Myall Park. Gordon met Gray in 1951 while visiting nurseries and native plant enthusiasts in Victoria and New South Wales. Gray, a forester, nursery manager, seed collector and propagator, was highly regarded by the time he arrived at Myall Park. As officer-in-charge at the Wail Forest Commission Nursery in Western Victoria (1946–54), Gray had pioneered arid land revegetation through provenance seed harvesting and native plant supply.</p><br>
<p>Gray&#39;s work at Myall Park focussed on seed raising, with planting and watering work in the garden the responsibility of Gordon. While Gray was working at Myall Park the infrastructure to support the functions of the garden were improved. Drawing on his prior experience, Gray designed suitable nursery structures. According to Gordon, he built for Gray the types of structures that the Victorian Government would not supply for him at Wail in Victoria. The nursery consisted of a single-storey timber building with a potting room and a seed storage room, connected by a covered entry to a timber-framed glasshouse/misting room with a concrete slab floor. The timber building was constructed first and the glasshouse was a later addition. A yard to the rear of the buildings housed four large timber hardening bays. The nursery was built by Harry Howe, with the assistance of cabinetmaker Bill Dunmall, who fitted out the vermin proof seed storage room with silky oak cabinet drawers. Cypress pine milled on the property was used in the construction of the buildings. A catalogue system was used to record seed source and date, supplier and usage. Details of propagations, planting locations and survival rates were all recorded. Around this time a large single room, lined with tall cupboards and work benches was constructed at the Gordon family residence house, to provide an art space for Dorothy and to store herbarium specimens. The house is now located within the Myall Park pastoral property, just outside the Botanic Garden boundary. The herbarium specimens formerly located in the house are now held by the Myall Park Botanic Garden.</p><br>
<p>In 1952 Gordon commissioned the damming of a section of Myall Creek, northeast of the house and garden, to increase water supplies. This was done in 1952 by Joh Bjelke-Petersen (later Premier of Queensland 1968-87), who was working at Myall Park as a contractor clearing vegetation. Over time Gordon filled the artificial lake with native waterlilies from the local area and beyond. Like the Gordon house, the lake is now located within the Myall Park pastoral property. While the garden featured plants that usually received little rainfall in their natural habitats, an irrigation system was installed to assist with acclimatisation after planting out, and to counter any long-term drought conditions. The water system used a network of water tanks on high stands connecting to galvanised piping and hundreds of above ground sprinklers. During particularly dry and hot periods, up to half of the water in the 25,000 gallon (113,652.297 litres) main tank would be used in a day.</p><br>
<p>Gray was also sent on collecting trips by Dave Gordon. During one three-month trip, seeds and detailed growing conditions were collected for more than 1000 species. By the time Gray left Myall Park in 1957, he (like his predecessor Len Miller) had made a major and important contribution to the development of the garden and herbarium. Many of the plants that grow in the garden derive from seeds collected by Gray and Miller. Albert Robinson replaced Alf Gray and worked for ten years in the garden, continuing propagation projects and cultivating existing plants. Bob Doney also worked in the Myall Park garden during the 1960s. Gordon&#39;s employment of nurserymen for what was, at this time, essentially a private hobby, illustrates his passion and serious investment in the garden.</p><br>
<p>A range of methods were used at Myall Park to provide successful raising and growing conditions, including the preparation of special growing beds, and experiments with soil structure and composition. The influence of Gordons father was evident in the layout of the garden, through the practice of planting in clumps rather than lines. The garden was organised into divisions and Gordon methodically planted as much of a genus as was available together in the garden. Beyond aesthetic and environmental benefits, this planting method was also a way of encouraging natural hybridisation. The genus Grevillea had been a focus during plant collecting trips and in 1963 a new Grevillea hybrid appeared in the garden. Displaying the low growing characteristics of the Grevillea bipinnatifida, together with the vibrant flame coloured flowers of the G. banksii, and the ability to flower throughout the year and attract birds, the hybrid featured highly desirable attributes for gardeners. Gordon named the hybrid Grevillea "Robyn Gordon" after his eldest daughter (who died aged 16 from illness in 1969) and distributed it freely to nurseries in Brisbane and Sydney, without payment. Two other hybrids, named after the Gordons other daughters, Grevillea "Sandra Gordon" (also a popular garden plant) and G.Merinda Gordon were also produced at Myall Park.</p><br>
<p>With its appealing characteristics and adaptability, Grevillea "Robyn Gordon" became a very popular plant in Australian gardens. It was the first plant registered by the Australian Cultivar Registration Authority in 1973. In 1984 the journal Australian Horticulture acknowledged its impact; "Market-wise it was a winner. The public readily gave it a place in their gardens. Landscapers looked upon it as a gift from above and it was planted by the tens of thousands". The Grevillea "Robyn Gordon" is the floral emblem of the Western Downs Regional Council and in 2006 was chosen as the floral emblem for the "Year of the Outback".</p><br>
<p>The garden was well established by the early 1960s, with plantings maturing and self-sown species proliferating where space was available. The "grandiose scale" of Gordon&#39;s efforts to conserve and grow inland native plants had been acknowledged by the mid-1950s and visitors became increasingly common at Myall Park. Among the visitors were influential native plant garden advocates Jean "Correa" Galbraith, Thistle Harris and landscape designer Edna Walling. In addition to visits from specialist interest groups, naturalists, botanists and scientists from institutions like the Queensland Herbarium, experts from other disciplines also conducted research at Myall Park, including world bee authority Dr Charles Michener.</p><br>
<p>The gardening activities at Myall Park in the post-war decades occurred at a time when the use of native plants in Australian gardens, after decades of advocacy by enthusiasts, became more popular. Increased environmental awareness, availability of native plants in nurseries, architectural fashions for bushland settings for houses and garden designs reflective of natural Australian environments all contributed to this popularity. For some gardeners, this meant accommodating a few natives among a predominance of exotics. For the most fervent, only native plants were considered suitable for their gardens. The Society for Growing Australian Plants (of which David Gordon was a life member) was established in Melbourne in 1957 and rapidly grew to become a national body with state branches. Many other specialized native plant interest groups flourished throughout Australia.</p><br>
<p>The 1970s were a period of inactivity in the Myall Park garden. Dave Gordon was unable to work in the garden following the onset of severe arthritis. The decline in wool prices meant less money could be spent on the garden, and no gardeners were employed during this period. Other than occasional minor maintenance and intermittent irrigation during very dry periods, no planting or nursery work occurred. The inherent climatic resilience of the type of plants in the garden meant that although there were some losses, many survived.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, Dave Gordon&#39;s health improved and he was able once again to spend time in the garden. Nurseryman Reg Carter was employed to operate the nursery and propagate seed cuttings and plants. This renewed activity coincided with the increased recognition of Myall Park as a significant botanic garden in ex-situ conservation of rare and endangered plants. In 1987 Gordon was made a Member of the Order of Australia "in recognition of service to horticulture and conservation, particularly in the growing of Australian flora". A notable visitor during this period was Professor Grenville Lucas, Keeper of the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, accompanied by staff from the Queensland Herbarium, who acknowledged the unique importance of the collection.</p><br>
<p>Dorothy Gordon&#39;s most important body of work was a collection of 48 botanical watercolours of Australian flora. Following her death in a car accident in 1985, a book of this work, Australian Wildflower Paintings, with botanical notes by Dave Gordon was published in 1988, with the assistance of a Bicentennial grant and Meandarra Arts Council. In 1991 the collection was displayed in the Queensland Pavilion at the Osaka Garden Expo.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after the first Myall Park Botanic Garden Open Day in September 1988, Gordon approached friends and family to help determine the future management of the garden. The first meeting of the Myall Park Botanic Garden Committee was held in October, marking a new phase of activity. A "Friends of Myall Park Botanic Garden" association was formed in 1991 to assist with funding and to encourage volunteer work both on and offsite. In 1992, the Committee became an incorporated company limited, with a Board of Directors. In 1994, 132 hectares was excised from the Myall Park pastoral property and granted to Myall Park Botanic Garden Limited, to hold the land in trust for Garden purposes. Over five decades the garden evolved from a unique private garden devoted to inland native plants, to an extensive botanic garden with important conservation values.</p><br>
<p>There is no formal accreditation of Australian botanic gardens. The organisation Botanic Gardens Australia and New Zealand Incorporated defines a botanic garden as: "...gardens open to the public which grow plants for public enjoyment, scientific, horticultural, conservation or educational purposes, and which have local, national or international roles". Between 1970 and 2009, twenty-seven botanical gardens were established or commenced throughout Queensland. While some of these gardens contain a mix of Australian and exotic species, an increasing number concentrate only on Australian flora, and display vegetation from their particular bioregion.</p><br>
<p>Following Australian Government grant funding in 1995, an art gallery designed by Brisbane architect Brian Donovan was opened, housing a permanent display of Dorothy Gordons original botanical watercolours. Within the grounds of the park the former shearers quarters and overseer&#39;s residence (Avochie Cottage) are used for visitor accommodation.</p><br>
<p>Dave Gordon died in 2001 at the age of 102, having made an outstanding contribution to the fields of Australian flora conservation and horticulture. The Myall Park Botanic Garden Limited has been active in preserving Dave Gordon&#39;s legacy. Approximately 20 new divisions have been established under their directorship. Onsite caretakers and volunteers from across Queensland play a large role in maintaining the garden, nursery, seedbank and herbarium, and records. Research and other partnerships have been fostered with academic institutions, local government and other community groups. The park has widened its research, education and interpretation activities beyond flora to encompass broader biodiversity values. Over 200 species of birds have been sighted at Myall Park, evidence of its importance as a wildlife refuge. Members of the group Birds Queensland have been longstanding visitors to the garden for bird watching and recording.</p><br>
<p>Myall Park is also a popular venue for artists, photographers, local schools and other interest groups for a range of cultural activities. At the 2009 Open Day, Clocked Out (ensemble-in-residence at Queensland Conservatorium) and the Australian Voices choir collaborated on "Grevilleas of Myall Park", inspired by the flora of the park. Commissioned artworks are located throughout the garden.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Myall Park Botanic Garden is located approximately 7 kilometres north-west of Glenmorgan in the Western Downs region, Queensland. Within its 132.3 hectare property boundary is a garden landscape of Australian flora of approximately 90 hectares. The site is mostly flat, fenced along its property boundary, and includes a cluster of small timber buildings close to its eastern boundary. The site, formerly part of a large pastoral property is largely surrounded by a rural landscape used for grazing and cropping.</p><br>
<p>Retained local brigalow-belah vegetation provides a bush setting for the botanic garden. The garden comprises thousands of ex situ Australian arid, semi-arid and dry tropical plants, mostly indigenous to other parts of Queensland and Australia. While the aesthetic of the garden is reflective of an uncultivated inland bush landscape, there is an underlying formality in the layout. The garden is organised into approximately 72 divisions, defined by timber corner pegs. Within the original divisions laid out by David Gordon, plants are grown according to their species, in some instances on raised gravel beds, and are located adjacent to other divisions within their genus. More recent divisions established in the garden generally feature plants from different genera; this occurs in response to soil and climatic variables within the garden or for a particular educational or scientific focus.</p><br>
<p>Soil types within the garden include neutral grey brigalow soil, light loams over clays, red lateritic acid gravel, and a layer of blue/grey clay. Some plantings, including some of the oldest in the eucalypt divisions, may not initially appear their age because of the growing conditions and the particular characteristics of the plants. Plants are often marked with a timber stake with identification tags that include their species and planting date.</p><br>
<p>Reflective of natural growing conditions, established plants receive minimal maintenance. Ground cover, where it exists, is generally not mown in the majority of the grounds, to foster and shelter any unassisted germination. Within the garden, plant labelling and interpretative signage is intentionally unobtrusive.</p><br>
<p>Large water tanks on tall stands are positioned within the garden. Early galvanised steel irrigation pipes are laid throughout the garden and retain sprinkler heads, although these are not in use. A dam for the garden&#39;s water purposes is situated on the north-west boundary of the property.</p><br>
<p>A looping gravel drive circulates through the site, entering from the eastern side of the property and broadly follows the edges of the garden, as laid out by David Gordon. A number of dirt walking paths meander through different sections of the garden.</p><br>
<p>The original Grevillea "Robyn Gordon" is located in a grevillea division close to the western edge of the garden. Together with the other Gordon hybrids, it features in the "The Gordon Grevilleas Walk". Examples of the parent plants Grevillea bipinnatifida and G. banksii, are planted directly adjacent. Grevillea "Sandra Gordon" and G. "Merinda Gordon" are planted nearby, although these are not the original plants.</p><br>
<p>The gallery and toilets (1995) and the old sawmill shed (mostly reconstructed) near the entry of the park are not of cultural heritage significance although they are important components in the current day activities of the garden. A number of artworks (not of cultural heritage significance) are located throughout the garden.</p><br>
<p>Near the eastern edge of the garden, south-east of the gallery is the cluster of buildings comprising Terpersie Cottage (former nurserymans residence), the nursery, the garage, and the single mens shearers&#39; quarters. To the south of this group is Avochie Cottage.</p><br>
<p>Terpersie Cottage is a small low-set single-storey timber residence. It has a multi-hipped roof clad with corrugated metal sheets and a weatherboard exterior. A large brick chimney is on the eastern side and a screened porch is on the north-eastern corner. The building is highly-intact, with very little alteration evident.</p><br>
<p>The nursery comprises two single-storey timber-framed buildings connected by a covered entry to form an L-shape around a fenced yard. The long wing accommodates the potting room (slab-on-ground), seed storage room -a timber lined room, and a rear laundry and toilet. The potting room is unlined and includes timber benches clad with metal sheet, timber shelving and early gardening paraphernalia. The concrete floor has spoon drains now partially filled with cement. The seed room contains built-in silky-oak cupboards with many drawers containing seeds collected over a long period of time, most labelled with plant names. Some garden related archival records are also housed in the seed room.</p><br>
<p>The other wing of the nursery accommodates the misting house, a timber framed glasshouse with a concrete slab floor. The lower part of the walls is lined internally with fibre cement sheets. Above this on the side walls are clear glass operable louvres and on the end wall is a large timber-framed pivot window surrounded by fixed clear glass. The roof is clad with overlapping sheets of rippled, fixed glass and near the ridge are clear glass operable louvres. The roof is sheltered externally by a shade cloth mounted on a metal framing. This shade cloth is a later addition, replacing the original louvred panels. The room contains raised timber benches/boxes for plants that incorporate plastic irrigation pipes with misting nozzles. The floor retains spoon drains under the plant benches. The nursery yard retains four hardening bays. These are large timber "boxes" on legs that have a sheltering frame covered in shade cloth.</p><br>
<p>At the south eastern corner of the nursery yard is a garage. This is a single-storey, slab-on-ground building with a gable roof clad with corrugated metal sheets. It comprises three bays with a fourth bay accommodated in a lean-to on the eastern side. The exterior is weatherboards and the interior is unlined. The garage contains approximately 70 plastic tubs that temporarily holds the herbarium collection of Myall Park. The collection consists of thousands of pages of pressed plant specimens mounted on paper. Individual specimens, record collecting locations and dates, and botanical information.</p><br>
<p>To the north-east of the garage is the single mens Shearers Quarters, an L-shaped single-storey low-set timber building with a chamferboard exterior and a gable roof clad with corrugated metal sheets. The long wing accommodates the shearers bedrooms each with a timber built-in cupboard. The bedrooms are accessed from a long eastern verandah that is enclosed at either end for a bathroom. The short wing accommodates the cooks rooms including a kitchen with a stove recess retaining an early cast-iron stove and early built-in kitchen cupboards. At the junction of the two wings is a dining room with a servery into the kitchen and a large brick fireplace. The chimney breast has an external apron that holds a laundry copper.</p><br>
<p>To the south of this group is Avochie Cottage, a single-storey low-set timber residence with a chamferboard exterior and a multi-gabled roof clad with corrugated metal sheets. It accommodates three bedrooms, kitchen, lounge, bathroom, toilet, and a verandah on the southern side. It has two large brick chimneys; the kitchen chimney retains an early cast iron stove.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Myall Park Botanic Garden was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 November 2012 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Myall Park Botanic Garden is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queenslands private and botanic gardens. Established in 1941 by David Gordon, the garden developed from a unique private garden of native plants to an extensive botanic garden with significant conservation and horticultural values. In its earliest decades of development, the gardens scale and singular emphasis on collecting, growing and experimenting with native plants was unparalleled in Queensland. It is thought to be Queensland&#39;s oldest garden wholly devoted to Australian flora.</p><br>
<p>As the place where the hybrid Grevillea "Robyn Gordon" first appeared, one of Australia&#39;s most popular and widely planted cultivars, the garden is closely associated with the increasing use of native plants in Australian gardens from the 1960s. The first plant registered by the Australian Cultivar Registration Authority in 1973, the parent Grevillea "Robyn Gordon" remains in the garden.</p><br>
<p>Myall Park Botanic Garden has fulfilled many of the traditional functions associated with botanical gardens since the 1940s; increasing horticultural and scientific knowledge about flora, sharing information, seed and plant stock with like-minded institutions, experts and enthusiasts, providing an attractive and educational venue for public recreation (since 1988); and in some instances, providing plant material to nurseries and the public.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Myall Park Botanic Gardens important collection of garden plants, seed bank, herbarium specimens and detailed records, includes ex situ examples of Australian arid, semi-arid and dry tropical flora rare or threatened in their natural habitats in Queensland and other Australian states. The age and scope of this botanic garden is unique in the history of Queenslands gardens.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Myall Park Botanic Garden&#39;s layout, flora, infrastructure, early gardening implements and collection of seeds, herbarium specimens and detailed records have the potential to yield important information related to historical horticultural practices and the conservation and knowledge of Australian flora.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Myall Park Botanic Garden is important in demonstrating both the principal characteristics of botanic gardens in Queensland and significant variations within this place type. The garden&#39;s collection of living plants, complemented by the seed bank, herbarium specimens and detailed records, nursery and residence are all important elements shared with other botanic gardens. Contrasting with the more formal design features commonly associated with botanic gardens, it is located within a setting of local vegetation. The layout of the garden is organized into divisional sections without hard edged borders or lawns. Minimal maintenance practices on the plants and garden beds are more reflective of natural growing conditions.</p><br>
<p>The highly intact 1950s purpose-built nursery complex -housing potting and seed storage rooms, glasshouse, hardening bays and early gardening implements, together with the gardens irrigation infrastructure -illustrate the spaces, processes and structures used to establish and maintain the garden. The residence (Terpersie) located adjacent to the nursery demonstrates the provision of accommodation for the gardens nurserymen and their families.</p><br>
<p>The shearers quarters are a good example of the type of workers housing provided on pastoral properties following the introduction of workers accommodation legislation in Queensland in the early twentieth century. Highly intact, its principal characteristics include the buildings location away from other buildings used for pastoral purposes, provision of a verandah and separate sleeping rooms for workers, kitchen and cooks quarters, and dining and bath rooms.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Myall Park Botanic Garden is important for its aesthetic significance, exhibiting picturesque qualities. It has distinct integrity as a cultivated landscape of only Australian native plants. It is a living place, constantly evolving, supporting a diversity of flora and fauna, and varying with the seasons. As such, it offers a changing mix of evocative and complex experiences that delight all the senses.</p><br>
<p>The importance of the aesthetic experience of Myall Park Botanic Garden has been demonstrated over many years in its popularity as a tourist destination and its inspiration for artists, writers, photographers, and musicians.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The successful creation of the hybrid Grevillea "Robyn Gordon", encouraged through a deliberate planting process, was an important technical achievement in the field of Australian floral horticulture in the 1960s. The first plant registered by the Australian Cultivar Registration Authority in 1973, it is now one of Australia&#39;s most popular and widely planted native plants. The parent Grevillea "Robyn Gordon" remains in the garden.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Myall Park Botanic Garden has a special and longstanding association with gardening and Australian flora and fauna enthusiasts and experts. The garden&#39;s horticultural and conservation values have been recognised and appreciated since the 1950s. The garden has been a site of inspiration, education and research for naturalists, botanists and scientists and a range of specialist interest groups including the Society for Growing Australian Plants, the Australian Garden History Society and Birds Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Through their involvement as custodians, volunteers and supporters, the Myall Park Botanic Garden Limited, the Friends of Myall Park Botanic Garden, and the regional community have strong associations with the garden.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Myall Park Botanic Garden has a special association with David and Dorothy Gordon. David Gordon AM (1899-2001) established the garden and was responsible its development for over 50 years. His wife Dorothy Gordon (1930–85) assisted David Gordon in the development of the garden for over 30 years, and promoted Australian flora through her botanical art. The Gordon&#39;s played an important role in fostering the appreciation of Australian flora for horticulture and conservation in Queensland and the nation.</p><br>
<p>Dalby Olympic Swimming Pool is a heritage-listed swimming pool at 58 Patrick Street, Dalby, Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Clifford Ernest Plant and built in 1936. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 20 March 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Dalby Olympic Swimming Pool complex was constructed in 1936 and is the earliest identified Olympic standard pool in Queensland constructed outside Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>Dalby was one of the earliest European settlements on the Darling Downs. The township was surveyed in 1853, the first land sales took place in 1857, and the Town of Dalby was proclaimed a municipality in 1863.</p><br>
<p>Dalby has a long association with swimming as a sport. Initially, a swimming hole in Myall Creek was used, but in 1902 an artesian bore was sunk on the bank and baths were built nearby to take advantage of the bore water. The Dalby Amateur Swimming Club was formed in 1912. In 1920 a new bore was sunk and in 1924 a public baths (the Dalby Bore Baths) was constructed close to it. This facility closed in September 1938, possibly because the new Olympic Pool had supplanted it.</p><br>
<p>From the 1910s, swimming as both a competitive and recreational sport gained rapidly in popularity in Queensland, and indeed, world-wide. In 1908 the Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA) was formed with the goals of standardising the rules for swimming, diving and water polo, obtaining control of world records, and ensuring the direction of Olympic Games competitions for swimming, diving and water polo.</p><br>
<p>Swimming was given further impetus by the 1924 Olympic Games held in Paris. The Piscine des Tourelles, an 8-lane pool measuring 50 metres in length by 20 metres in width, was specially constructed for swimming events, setting the Olympic standards. Swimmers hoping to compete internationally now needed a pool of this size in order to practice effectively. The precise requirements to meet Olympic pool standards have since been refined and cover width, depth, and temperature and light densities.</p><br>
<p>In Brisbane, the Fortitude Valley Baths were rebuilt in 1925-1926 to the Olympic standard, being 50 metres in length and 22 metres wide. This pool no longer survives.</p><br>
<p>By the 1930s swimming was a glamorous sport internationally, with sport and medal winners such as Duke Kahanamoku, Johnny Weissmuller and Buster Crabbe becoming Hollywood celebrities. In Sydney, four Olympic-standard pools were constructed in the 1930s, municipal councils taking advantage of loans and other financial incentives offered by a government keen to create work by encouraging civic building projects. The pool buildings and surrounds of the new Olympic pools were architect designed. A notable survivor is the North Sydney Olympic Pool Complex opened on 4 April 1936.</p><br>
<p>Design problems with the new large pools included the provision of adequate water filtration and the prevention of algae. The firm of AH Pierce & Co., still associated with commercial pools, imported calcium hypochlorite from England and pool builders took a keen interest in others pool designs. Pool facilities usually comprised an Olympic-standard pool for recreation and competitions, a smaller pool for children, diving tower, spectators stand, mens and womens changing rooms and club meeting rooms.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1930s Dalby was experiencing renewed growth and prosperity, reflecting extensive land reclamation in the surrounding district in the wake of the eradication of the prickly pear cactus. This noxious weed had wasted thousands of hectares of agricultural and grazing land in southern Queensland and northern New South Wales in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Annual Report of the Department of Public Lands identified Dalby, Chinchilla and Miles as the towns experiencing the most progress. Under the Intermittent Relief Scheme established during the Depression, the Department of Works remodelled and added to the Dalby State School. The Dalby Court House and Police Station were also built in the first half of the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>In 1933 Dalby Town Council formed an Olympic pool committee. The idea for a pool and tennis courts in Dalby had been suggested in correspondence to the Council by the Dalby Chamber of Commerce in 1931. The Dalby Town Council appointed William J Reinhold as the consulting engineer and Clifford E Plant as the architect. Plant is noted for the Kings Beach Bathing Pavilion and the Redcliffe Bathing Pavilions Group, designed and constructed in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Excavation work commenced on 1 July 1936 and the first patrons were admitted late in October of that year, with 1550 people using the pool in the first weekend. The complex was completed at a cost of £11,500 and was officially opened on 14 November 1936 by Frank Cooper, MLA, Minister for Public Instruction, before a crowd of approximately 2,000 people. Commending the Dalby Town Council on its initiative, Cooper commented that there was no town twice or even 10 times the size of Dalby that had a swimming pool like theirs.</p><br>
<p>At the time, the pool was the most modern in Queensland, using the latest filtration and chlorinating equipment to treat the artesian water used to fill the pools. In March 1938 the Lord Mayor of Brisbane, Alfred James Jones, visited Dalby with the Chairman of the Brisbane Parks and Baths committee in order to inspect it before planning similar pools for Brisbane, though it was some years before such plans were implemented.</p><br>
<p>The opening of the Dalby pool gave an impetus to regional swimming and a number of swimming clubs were formed including the Dalby and District Swimming and Life-Saving Club, and the association of the pool with community sports clubs continues. The first major swimming carnival was held in February 1937. During the Second World War, aircrew from No. 12 Squadron stationed nearby received their forced landing at sea training in the Dalby pool.</p><br>
<p>The 1956 Melbourne Olympics led to an increased interest in competition swimming and most surviving early Olympic pools in Australia date from the preparation for, or interest stemming from, these games. Between 1949 and 1960, Dalby district swimmers gained approximately 100 places in Queensland swimming and diving championships. The pool was visited and used by a number of famous Australian swimmers including Dawn Fraser, Murray Rose and members of the Konrad family. During 1957-8 the Dalby pool recorded an annual attendance of 143,167.</p><br>
<p>The original timber spectator stand for the pool was replaced by a concrete stand in 1971 and named for a former pool manager and coach, Arthur G Obst.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, the pool area underwent renovation. This work included the replacement of the circulation pipe work, the plant room and water treatment plant, the concrete concourses around the pool and the substitution of skimmer boxes for scum gutters. More recently, the pools have been lined with fibreglass and fibreglass features have been added to the children&#39;s pool.</p><br>
<p>The Dalby Pool Complex remains the venue for large swimming carnivals, one of which, the Dalby Open, attracted 1734 nominations in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The pool complex is in a parkland setting to the rear of Dalby War Memorial and Gates and adjacent to Myall Creek. It is part of a large recreational precinct which includes a lawn bowls club and croquet club.</p><br>
<p>The open-air pool complex is approached from Patrick Street by twin paths that divide behind the war memorial, to which the pool pavilion forms a backdrop. A formal arrangement of garden beds and flagpoles fills this space.</p><br>
<p>The symmetrically placed entry pavilion is a single storey rectangular building spanning the width of the pool complex. It has a hipped roof with gables at each end of the front and a central gabled porch leading to turnstiles and the pool area. This area contains granite panels commemorating the opening of the pool complex. The building is clad with weatherboards on the lower section with panels of fibrous cement sheeting above. It is lit by six pane casement windows. The south-east part of the building contains a service area and kiosk and club meeting rooms are located in the north-west end of the building.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the building also has a central gabled porch and a timber pergola over a paved area that separates the building from the pool.</p><br>
<p>Positioned between the entry pavilion and the main pool, and at right-angles to the latter, is a childrens pool measuring 15.2 metres by 8.4 metres. It has recent additions of fibreglass rocks and play features. The main pool measures 50 metres by 15.2 metres. Concrete concourses and lawns surround the pool and a spectators stand is positioned along one side, with changing rooms beneath. There is a brick plant room at the far end of the pool.</p><br>
<p>Also located within the pool complex grounds is a pool caretaker&#39;s residence. This is a small, high-set, timber cottage with an enclosed front verandah.</p><br>
<p>The Arthur G Obst Stand is not the original structure and is not considered significant for heritage purposes.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Dalby Swimming Pool Complex was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 20 March 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Dalby Swimming Pool complex, constructed and opened in 1936, is important in demonstrating the development of competition swimming in Queensland. As an Olympic standard pool built in the 1930s, it illustrates the surge of public interest both in competitive and recreational swimming during the interwar period. As a facility which demonstrated how artesian water might be used to the advantage of a community, the Dalby Swimming Pool also is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history. It is also important in illustrating the 1930s expansion of civic work in the former prickly pear belt, following the eradication of this pest in the late 1920s and early 1930s. As land cleared of prickly pear cactus was utilised for agriculture, grazing and dairying, towns throughout the prickly pear belt, especially Dalby, Chinchilla and Miles, experienced renewed growth and prosperity.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Dalby Swimming Pool complex is rare as the earliest identified surviving Olympic-sized swimming pool complex in Queensland. It is the earliest known Olympic Pool complex constructed in Queensland outside Brisbane, and retains its two pools (competition and childrens), entrance pavilion, and caretakers residence.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Dalby Swimming Pool Complex has a strong association with the community of Dalby and the surrounding area as an important sports venue for swimming events, enabling Dalby swimmers access to wider Australian competition, and has at times attracted Australian/international swimming stars.</p><br>
<p>Dalby Fire Station is a heritage-listed fire station at 21 New Street, Dalby, Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Matthew Williamson and built in 1935 by George Ficken. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 October 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Dalby Fire Station is located in the town of Dalby, about 80 kilometres north-west of Toowoomba in south-east Queensland. A two-storey, predominantly brick structure, the core of the station was built in 1935 to a design by Toowoomba architect Matthew Williamson. Located on the northern edge of the towns business centre the building addresses New Street and is equidistant from Cunningham Street, the main street, and the Bunya Highway (or Condamine Street) as it runs through the town. It and its associated structures occupy a 2023 square metre allotment backing onto Starlings Lane. Cunningham Street features a number of significant commercial buildings including the Dalby Town Council Chambers and Offices, the former police station and courthouse complex and St Johns Anglican Church. The 1935 brick fire station replaced a 1920 timber structure and was extended in 1953 to provide an extra garage and workshop on the ground floor and an upstairs recreation area. Further extensions along the rear of the building were undertaken in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The town of Dalby was laid out by Surveyor EO Moriaty in 1852; part of the expansion of pastoral activities on the Darling Downs. Due to problems with flood levels, a second town survey was completed the following year and the Town Reserve declared in 1855. The Town of Dalby was gazetted as a municipality on 29 August 1863. The extension of the Western railway line to Dalby in 1868 led to a boom that only deflated when the line was extended west in 1877. Further prosperity occurred as a result of the Agricultural Land Purchase Act 1894, which opened up substantial tracts of land previously held by the early pastoralists. This led to closer settlement around Dalby and its development into a major regional centre.</p><br>
<p>The first Dalby Fire Brigade was formed in 1882, but was short-lived because of the failure of local insurance companies to contribute to its financial support. The second Dalby Fire Brigade was initiated under the Fire Brigade Amendment Act 1902 at a meeting in March 1915, and its board was gazetted on 24 July. By October 1916, the fledgling brigade had received its first government subsidy and a manual fire engine was purchased the following year. Land for the fire brigade was acquired in New Street (Allot 3 Section 6) in January 1920. It had been originally taken up in 1863 by John Donovan and transferred to local butcher James Ryan in 1885. It is conjectured that the cottage now utilised as the fire station office was built in 1889 when Ryan took out a mortgage on his property. The land was transferred to Ryan&#39;s daughter Margaret in 1910, and in 1919, about six years after she had married and moved to Sydney, she placed the property in the hands of trustees Dalby Mayor James Duncan Morris and Alderman Walter Robertson Hunter, both fire brigade board members. The agreement allowed for the board to build on the site and take out mortgages to finance any improvements. Tenders were called for construction of this first fire station in January 1920 and building proceeded at a cost of £95. A simple timber garage with a galvanised iron gable roof was erected. Local builders Draney and Co were contracted to enlarge this building in 1923 to provide a board room, which eventually housed the new fire truck purchased six years later.</p><br>
<p>During the early 1930s the Dalby region experienced renewed growth following the eradication of the prickly pear cactus through the introduction of the Cactoblastis cactorum moth in 1925. The prickly pear had devastated the region from the late 19th century and its destruction led to the recovery of thousands of hectares of agricultural land and the Department of Public Lands reporting rapid expansion of agriculture, grazing and dairying around Dalby, Chinchilla and Miles.</p><br>
<p>After the 1932 state election of the Forgan-Smith Government, part of its funds were channelled into what were considered "sound" public projects providing long-term community benefit, rather than into short-term maintenance projects such as those funded through the Intermittent Relief Scheme. Projects funded directly by the Queensland Department of Public Works included additions to the Dalby School (1935), and a new courthouse and police station (1934). The town&#39;s stock of commercial and ecclesiastical buildings was also augmented at this time with: a Bank of New South Wales and National Bank (both no longer extant), the Dalby Olympic Swimming Pool, the Dalby Town Council Chambers and Offices, a Presbyterian Church, the Star Theatre (no longer extant) and a Catholic Presbytery (no longer extant).</p><br>
<p>The Fire Brigade Act of 1931 had allowed for boards to make by-laws and those devised by the Dalby Fire Brigade Board were gazetted in August 1934, providing administrative guidelines for the board and firemen. At the board meeting of June 1934, the secretary Harold Edward Thorley presented preliminary plans for a two-storey brick fire station, the estimated cost for which being between £2,500 and £2,800. In August 1934 Toowoomba architect Matthew Williamson produced the final plans for the fire station. Williamson&#39;s other Dalby projects included the Presbyterian Church (1933), the Star Theatre (1936, no longer extant) and a number of shops and private dwellings. He was also responsible for numerous projects in Toowoomba, including the Trades Hall (1934) in Russell Street, as well as buildings in Miles, Crows Nest and Oakey.</p><br>
<p>In November 1934, it was reported that a loan had been secured from the Commonwealth Bank, when the tender of £2,482/8/- submitted by local builder George Ficken was accepted. Before construction was completed, the Forgan-Smith government approved for local authorities and other local bodies (such as hospital, harbour and fire brigade boards) a reduction of 1% in the interest rates of all loans with rates over 4%. This presumably aided the construction of other fire stations and community infrastructure across the state during the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The Dalby Fire Station was formally opened on Saturday 16 November 1935 by the Home Secretary Ned Hanlon. It was 51 feet 8 inches (15.6 metres) long and 32 feet 4 inches (9.8 metres) wide and built on concrete foundations and footings with concrete floors on a base of broken stone to the appliance rooms and timber flooring elsewhere on the ground floor. The structure comprised some rolled steel and reinforced concrete components, including continuous wall lintels. The ground floor accommodated two fire appliances behind folding timber doors with a recreation room and open timber stairway at the rear. On the interior of this level there was silky oak interior wall panelling to a height of 6 feet 6 inches (2 metres). The upper level had a kitchen, living room, lounge room, three bedrooms, a bathroom and balcony to the street. Fibro sheeting and plaster variously lined the walls of the upper level, with ornamental cornices. The fireplaces on both levels were detailed with Wunderlich bricks and all windows were timber. The external brick walls were solid on the ground floor and included a cavity above the wall lintel. There were glazed brick soldier courses to openings on the first floor and glazed brick sills to the front of the building. The original paintwork to the concrete walls was to be lime wash tinted with burnt sienna, while the lettering on the front was to be finished with gold leaf.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the completion of the Dalby Fire Station in 1935 only four other two-storey, brick fire stations had been built in the state&#39;s capital, Brisbane. The sole survivor of these is the 1927 Albion Fire Station, which along with a station at South Brisbane was a part of the network rationalisations undertaken after 1921 by the Metropolitan Fire Brigades Board. During the interwar years a number of two-storey fire stations were also built in Brisbane of timber and fibro, including: an upgrade to the Ithaca Fire Station in 1928; a new Yeronga Fire Station in 1934; then three to the same plan: Coorparoo Fire Station in 1935, Nundah Fire Station in 1936 and Wynnum Fire Station in 1938. Generally the layout of all these structures provided accommodation for fire appliances on the ground floor, and a recreation room, kitchen, bathroom and dormitory space, and accommodation for officers and their families on the first floor. The 1935 Dalby station was smaller than some of the Brisbane stations, with space for two fire appliances and a recreation room on the ground floor and living quarters for the chief officer and his family on the upper floor. Accommodation for firemen was provided in a three bedroom cottage on the site built using materials from the 1920 to 1929 fire station garage.</p><br>
<p>By 1949 it was evident that a larger station was required at Dalby to house a new fire engine, and that more bedrooms were needed in the firemens quarters. Funding was acquired in stages over the next few years from both government and private sources. The extension was built in brick along the north-western side of the fire station during 1953. It included a third engine bay and workshop on the ground floor and a recreation area on the first floor. The new addition was 60 by 16 feet (15.7 by 4.7 metres). Additions were also made to the timber firemens quarters. At this time the adjacent timber low-set cottage was occupied by the mechanic/caretaker.</p><br>
<p>The property owner Margaret Sara (née Ryan) died in Broken Hill in 1953 and the property was transferred to the Dalby Fire Brigade Board on 11 May of the following year.</p><br>
<p>In an effort to better co-ordinate the management of fire brigades across Queensland, the Queensland Fire Brigades Boards Association was formed in 1962-63. The Fire Brigade Act 1964 legislated for Fire Boards to become Body Corporates. The first Queensland Chief Fire Inspector was appointed and the State Fire Services Council was formed as the state moved towards the standardisation of equipment and facilities.</p><br>
<p>The Dalby Fire Brigade continued to upgrade its equipment, with a new fire engine in 1956/7, another in 1965, two-way radios in 1966, and a salvage vehicle in 1967/8. A concrete block smoke room was built in 1970. In mid-1975 tenders were called for further additions to the rear of the main station building to provide a storeroom, board facilities, toilets and office accommodation for the regional fire safety officer (recently appointed) and the chief officer. Dalby builders, JR Perry and Co, were awarded the contract at a cost of $35,974. The 14.7 by 5 metre extension was completed in mid-1976. Extensions to the fire tower were built in 1978 and a new fire engine was also purchased.</p><br>
<p>The Fire Services Act 1990 led to the amalgamation of a number of departments. The Metropolitan Fire Brigade Board ceased to exist after June 1990 and the management of the 21 metropolitan stations and the 81 fire boards across the state were amalgamated into the Queensland Fire Services. A further amendment to the Act in 1996 created the Fire and Rescue Authority. The Emergency Services Legislation Act 2001 dissolved this Authority and vested its assets with the Queensland Government.</p><br>
<p>The self-contained living areas on the first floor of the Dalby Fire Station continued to be occupied by the Chief Officer or Captain until the late 1990s. The cottage was occupied by one of the firemen until the mid-1990s. At that time it was restumped and ramps were added at the front, when it was converted into an area office of the Department of Community Safetys Queensland Fire and Rescue Service South Western Region. The former mens quarters were relocated to Rangemoore Winery in December 2000. The accommodation areas of the fire station are now used by visiting emergency services personnel, officers attending courses from regional towns as well as by visiting relieving officers. In 2009 a temporary garage was erected on the north-western side of the fire station to accommodate a new tanker appliance.</p><br>
<p>Dalby is now one of 42 fire stations in the South Western Region, which includes the major towns of Toowoomba and Warwick, and extends west through Cunnamulla and Quilpie to the border with the South Australia. It remains an operational auxiliary fire station, although no longer permanently houses fire brigade staff.</p><br>
<p>A desktop survey comparing the fire brigade and station files held by the Queensland State Archives, the current listing maintained by the Queensland Fire and Rescue Service of its fire stations, historical images featured on Picture Australia and current street views on Google Maps revealed that the station at Dalby is the oldest remaining regional fire station still in operation. Only one remaining interwar station was possibly constructed earlier, that at Warwick, however it is no longer in use. There appear to be three others remaining in operation in regional Queensland: at Innisfail (1937), Charleville (1938) and Gympie (1940). The six stations built before the Dalby and Warwick stations, those at Rockhampton, Barcaldine, Gladstone, Cunnamulla, Cairns and Maryborough) have all been demolished.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Dalby Fire Station is located in the southern corner of a large land parcel addressing New Street about halfway between Cunningham Street to the south-east and the Highway to the north-west. Starlings Lane runs along the rear of the block.</p><br>
<p>The fire station building comprises a core (1935) constructed on reinforced concrete foundations with an upper structure combining elements of steel, reinforced concrete framing and brickwork. It has a gable roof behind a parapet on two sides. It has brick two-storey additions along its north-western side (1953) and its rear (1976), both of which have skillion roofs. A steel garage with skillion roof has been installed along its north-westernmost side and is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The core&#39;s facade addressing New Street is symmetrical and employs painted cement-render in making its various classical motifs. It features twin garage doors on the ground floor flanked by rendered pilasters. On the first floor these pilasters flank a 1.8 metre wide balcony, the long opening to which is decorated by four tapered ionic columns and a wrought iron balustrade. The name of the building is displayed in raised lettering across the entablature and the date of construction, 1935, is featured in the parapet above. The exposed stretcher bond brickwork to the balcony is tuck pointed, while above the two French windows and single glazed door are soldier courses of glazed brick. Its floor is unpainted concrete. The central single-leaf door has twelve lights, while those either side of it have eight lights in each leaf. All these feature textured and semi-transparent glass, while the rectangular fanlights are clear glass.</p><br>
<p>The 1935 core is constructed with solid brick walls on the ground floor and cavity brick walls on the upper level, reflected in the varying brickwork bonds employed on the south-eastern side facade still visible: English bond below with headers picked out by dark colouring and stretcher bond above. Also on this facade a continuous concrete lintel separates the levels. The latter additions are completed in stretcher bond and also use continuous lintels.</p><br>
<p>The gable roof of the 1935 structure is clad in metal sheeting, falling to a parapet wall along the south-eastern side and to a central gutter on its north-western side, which also serves the skillion roof of the 1953 extension. The north-western side of this extension has a parapet. The original chimney pierces the gable roof of the 1935 core. Only one original six-light, double-hung timber window remains, internalised by the extent of the 1953 extension, while all others are double-hung aluminium. The lintels to these windows are largely rendered and painted. Access to the building is via a side door on the south-eastern facade or via a rear door facing Starlings Lane and the north east.</p><br>
<p>Inside the 1935 core a large area at the front houses two fire appliances with hooks, racks and shelves either side for equipment. To the rear of this space are a communications and operations office and a stairway leading from the north-eastern corner to the upper level. The stair has its original timber balustrade and has been enclosed underneath for storage. The office walls are lined with laminated board panelling, revealing only the outline of the original fireplace and chimney. Ceilings are 4.26 metres high and feature original timber cover strips over fibro sheeting, with decorative cornices and suspended fluorescent lighting. The 1976 rear extension houses a small office and ablution facilities on the ground floor, while the 1953 extension accommodates further space for a fire appliance and a workshop at the rear. In the garages the floors are painted concrete. A roll-a-door at the rear of the 1953 garage provides access to the rear of the allotment. An undercover parking space is provided immediately outside this door, under the 1976 first floor.</p><br>
<p>On the upper floor of the 1935 extension at the rear are a kitchen, living area, bathroom and toilet. At its front over the garage space are two bedrooms, one of which has been enlarged to include the corridor space that led to the balcony on New Street. The upper level of the 1953 extension contains bedroom and training spaces, while that from 1976 contains bedrooms and a balcony.</p><br>
<p>Other than the internal stair, access is gained to this upper floor balcony via an external steel staircase. The floor levels differ between the later extensions and the 1935 building core, the former being lower.</p><br>
<p>The fireplace in the upper level living room retains its original Wunderlich glazed brick and rendered concrete surround. The kitchen, bathroom and toilet fittings are not original. The front two bedrooms have built-in wardrobes, while the former third bedroom is used as a storeroom. All internal walls and ceilings are clad in fibrous cement sheeting. Ceilings throughout the upper level are 3.2 metres high. The areas on the first floor of the 1953 addition are accessed via doors cut out of the original window openings in the north-western wall of the 1935 building. The opening between the lounge and the training room has been widened to accommodate two six-light French doors with opaque textured glass.</p><br>
<p>Vehicular access is either via New Street along the north-eastern side of the fire station or through double gates on Starlings Lane.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Dalby Fire Station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 October 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The 1935 core of the Dalby Fire Station, comprising a two-storey brick, steel and concrete structure with a classically influenced street facade, is the oldest surviving, and longest operating, fire station in regional Queensland. The 1935 building core, with its 1953 and 1976 extensions, demonstrate the evolution of fire fighting services in the state&#39;s regional towns.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Dalby Fire Station demonstrates the principal characteristics of a regional interwar fire station including: a central location in the town; ground floor accommodation for the fire appliances and operational facilities; and first floor living accommodation for the chief fire officer. The 1935 Dalby Fire Station core and its 1953 and 1976 additions exemplify the evolving functions of a regional fire brigade which has operated continuously from this New Street site since 1920.</p><br>
<p>Dalby Town Council Chambers and Offices is a heritage-listed former town hall at 133 Cunningham Street, Dalby, Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Hall & Phillips and built in 1932. It is also known as Darling Downs Northern School Support Centre. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 July 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Dalby Town Council Chambers and Offices, the third to be built, were constructed in 1932 to a design by Hall and Phillips Architects. Hill and Brown&#39;s tender for £5075 for the combined Council Chambers and School of Arts was accepted on 4 August 1931.</p><br>
<p>The first settlement of Myall Creek (Dalby) occurred when Henry Stuart Russell built a slab and bark hut in 1846 for the use of Samual Stewart and his family. Stewart had been Russell&#39;s hut keeper at Cecil Plains for five years prior to moving to Myall Creek. A number of similar buildings were constructed in the same area over the following years. After several approaches to the New South Wales Government by residents (the separation of Queensland had not occurred), surveyor EO Moriaty was instructed to lie out a township of one square mile at Myall Creek. Due to a mistake in the flood levels however, the New South Wales Government did not accept this 1852 survey plan. In 1853, Captain Samuel Augustus Perry, Assistant Surveyor General was sent to resurvey the site for urban settlement. The nucleus of the township was laid out on the grid plan regulations adopted by Ralph Darling, Governor of New South Wales. It was Captain Perry who renamed the town "Dalby".</p><br>
<p>The first official land sales occurred in April 1857. By 1855, the Dalby Police District had been declared with a Chief Constable and a court of Petty Sessions. The Town of Dalby was proclaimed a municipality in 1863 by Sir George Bowen, Governor of Queensland. The new municipality had a Town Council of six, led by Mayor Frederick Roche. Dalbys first town hall and council offices stood on a Reserve in Scarlett Street. The area also included a Reserve for a School of Arts. In 1889 this building was destroyed by fire. The Council moved again, only to have the building destroyed by fire in 1909. Following the fire, the Council relocated to new premises in Marble Street. This was a dual purpose building combining the Council Chambers and the town clerks residence.</p><br>
<p>During this time, the School of Arts branch of the Council had moved to the corner of Cunningham and Stuart Streets. This area was becoming more popular with local businesses and, in 1930, following a fire which destroyed the School of Arts building, the third Council Chamber Offices were built on the site. The old Marble Street office was removed to Kaimkillenbun where it was altered and renovated to become the Roman Catholic Church of that district.</p><br>
<p>The Dalby Town Council Chambers and Offices were opened on Saturday 13 February 1932 by the Hon Arthur Edward Moore, Premier of Queensland. The Mayor of Dalby at the time was Alderman Thomas Jack. Dalby&#39;s Town Clerk, Mr Thorley, acted voluntarily as Superintendent of works. The building incorporated a School of Arts. Insurance from the damage to the old School of Arts building helped to fund the construction of the new Council Chambers with the Dalby Town Council contributing £4000 to the overall cost of construction. As the Council had had problems with fire in the past, the new Chamber Offices included a strong room which housed valuable books and records. Extensions to the School of Arts were opened by Premier Ned Hanlon on 16 November 1935.</p><br>
<p>The building is no longer the seat of local government. It has been previously been occupied by Education Queensland and the Darling Downs Northern School Support Centre. In 2016 it houses the Dalby Chamber of Commerce & Industry and other commercial tenants.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Dalby Town Council Chambers and Offices is a single storey rendered brick building on the corner of Cunningham and Stuart Streets and Groom Lane. The Cunningham Street section has a symmetrical facade with art deco detailing, consisting of a centrally located, projecting portico with a recessed entrance, flanked by three long, narrow casement windows surrounded by moulded architraves. Fluted pilasters are located on each side of the windows. The double, timber-panelled entrance doors have a breezeway with decorative leadlighting.</p><br>
<p>Similar window and decorative detail continue along the Stuart Street facade, which is divided into ten bays by pilasters. The moulded parapet forms a gable in the centre of the facade with the Dalby Town Council&#39;s shield located at the centre of the gable. The south elevation (Groom Lane side) and the western elevation are face brick.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building comprises the highly intact, centrally located, former Council Chambers and extant strong room. The Council Chambers has a parquet floor, a timber dado on all four walls with timber screenings on the windows. A gap in the wall showing brickwork indicates where a plaque was located giving names of Dalby Council members. Changes have occurred to the other offices with the installation of screens to provide for office space, the ceiling has also been lowered.</p><br>
<p>In the front office, which contains the original timber public counter, the ceiling is decorative plaster with decorative cornices are located in the office which contains the strong room. A brass plaque fixed to the wall commemorates the opening of the former Council Chambers by the Premier.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Dalby Town Council Chambers and Offices was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 July 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Dalby Town Council Chambers is significant as it demonstrates the growth and development of Dalby and the surrounding area and the increasing self confidence placed in the town by the Council and by the local population.</p><br>
<p>As the site of the School of Arts prior to the construction of the hall, and with the building housing a School of Arts when constructed, the place demonstrates the continued public use of the property for over 60 years.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former Dalby Town Council Chambers, a brick and concrete rendered building, is significant as one of only about six buildings extant in Dalby dating from the early 1930s. Other buildings include the former Wambo Shire Council Chambers and the Dalby Fire Station, both of which have Georgian elements in their designs and the former Union Bank. Internally, contributing to its significance, the former meeting room of the Dalby Town Council remains highly intact with timber panelling and screening.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Dalby Town Council Chambers is significant as example of an interwar building with Art Deco elements especially the decorative moulded relief work.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Located at the corner of Cunningham Street, the unpretentious yet elegant building provides an integral civic contribution to the streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Further, it held a long association with the people of Dalby and surrounding areas as a focal point for social, and community functions.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Dalby Town Council Chambers is significant for its association with the well-known Brisbane architectural firm, Hall and Phillips, in practice from 1929-1948. Thomas Ramsay Hall had previously been in partnership with George Gray Prentice as Hall and Prentice.</p><br>
<p>Turner Hall is a historic building located in Postville, Iowa, United States. A Turn Verein was a German social and athletic organization. Because Allamakee County in general, and Postville in particular, had a significant German immigrant population a Turn Verein was organized here. Their first building was a frame structure on Green Street, but when it proved insufficient they built this two-story brick structure in 1914. While the local German population used the facility for their gymnastics and other social customs, it also was used by the community at large as a community center. Three weeks after it opened the community filled the hall to capacity to hear Postville native John Mott, national leader of the YMCA, speak. He would win the Nobel Peace Prize in 1946. From 1940 to 1990 the building housed the Postville city hall. Even during these years, and after, it was a meeting place for various community organizations. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Iron Post is a historic boundary marker located in New Albin, Iowa, United States. An Act of Congress on March 3, 1849 sought to resolve the boundary issue between the State of Iowa and the newly established Minnesota Territory. This cast iron post was placed here by Captain Thomas Lee of the USA Army Corps of Topographical Engineers. He determined that North latitude 43 degrees, 30 minutes was indeed the border between the two entities, which the United States Congress had designated on August 4, 1846 as Iowa&#39;s northern border. It also served as a correction for the townships that had been established below the line, and as a practical surveying base for the territory to the north from this point all the way to the Big Sioux River.</p><br>
<p>The post is an obelisk that rises 54 in. It is painted an aluminium color, and bears inscriptions on its four faces: "Iowa" (south), "Minnesota" (north), "1849" (east), and "Lat 43 degrees 30 minutes" (west). It was brought here across the frozen Mississippi River from Victory, Wisconsin by John Ross on a sled pulled by a team of oxen. The post was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>St Columba&#39;s Convent is a heritage-listed Roman Catholic convent at 169 Cunningham Street, Dalby, Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by George Bernard Roskell and built in 1913 by John Draney. It is also known as Iona. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 December 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former St Columba&#39;s Convent was built in 1913 for the Sisters of Mercy from a design by local architect George Bernard Roskell, to provide accommodation for the nuns and the boarding students in their care. At that time, the town of Dalby and its surrounding rural districts were experiencing economic growth. The Sisters of Mercy occupied the convent until 1990, after which it was purchased by the Dalby parish and used as a student hostel, before being leased as a youth and community centre.</p><br>
<p>Dalby evolved as part of the expansion of one of the most significant pastoral regions in Queensland, the Darling Downs. The township was first laid out by Surveyor EO Moriaty in 1852. Due to an error in flood levels, Captain Samuel Augustus Perry, the Deputy Surveyor General of New South Wales resurveyed the township in 1853, naming it Dalby after a location on the Isle of Man. The Town Reserve was declared in the New South Wales Government Gazette in August 1855. Dalby soon had a range of government services, including a post office in August 1854, the declaration of the Dalby Police District in 1855, and the establishment of a National School in 1859. The first urban land sales were held in 1857 and the Town of Dalby was gazetted as a municipality on 29 August 1863. The extension of the Western railway line from Toowoomba to Dalby in 1868 led to a boom in the town which only diminished when the line was extended further west in 1877.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the appointment of James Quinn as the first Roman Catholic Bishop of Brisbane in 1861, the population of the Colony of Queensland was 30,059, of whom 7,696 (39%) were Catholics. The proportion of Catholics in the main towns of the Darling Downs was: 18% in Warwick, 22% in Toowoomba, 28% in Dalby and 32% in Drayton. Initially Catholic pastoral care in Dalby was irregular; visiting priests had to celebrate mass in local hotels like Josiah Milsteads Plough Inn Hotel from 1855. The first Catholic school in Dalby was established in 1864. Dalbys first Catholic church, St Joseph&#39;s was opened by Bishop Quinn in August 1866. In 1876 Quinn instructed Father Denis Byrne, curate of Dalby, to establish a convent in the town, using £400 that the Sisters of Mercy of All Hallows Convent in Brisbane had allocated for the purpose. The Sisters of Mercy, having initially travelled to Queensland with Bishop Quinn in 1860, were integral to the expansion of Catholic schools across the state.</p><br>
<p>A new commodious version of the Plough Inn Hotel, built in 1863, was sold as part of the estate of pastoralist CC Macdonald. A half share of the property - lots 14, 15 and 16 (originally lots 2, 3, and 4) of section 16 - was transferred to Bishop Quinn in 1876. A small group of Sisters of Mercy arrived in Dalby on 8 August the following year, from the Toowoomba convent established in 1873; and this new Plough Inn became the orders eleventh school in Queensland known as St Columbas. A new timber church designed by Toowoomba architect James Marks was opened in September 1886. By that time, Catholics comprised one third of the population of the Darling Downs.</p><br>
<p>Dalby&#39;s regional prosperity was spurred by a number of legislative processes aimed at rural development in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the creation of smaller land holdings and the construction of new railways. The Bell branch railway opened in 1906, followed by the Glenmorgan railway line to Tara in 1908. Dairying and wheat cultivation expanded. A butter factory and a flour mill were established in Dalby in 1906, while the wool industry continued to underpin the rural economy of the area. Despite the dramatic effects of the Federation drought which peaked in 1902, the market for cattle improved in the 1910s, while the price of wool more than doubled between 1900 and 1915.</p><br>
<p>The growth of the area and the general expansion of the network of boarding schools led to the planning of a new, purpose-built Catholic convent for Dalby. In 1910, 3? acres (1.4 ha) on the corner of Cunningham and Edward Streets were transferred to the Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic Bishop of Rockhampton, James Duhig came in November 1910 to lay the foundation stone of the convent there. In November 1911 local architect George Bernard Roskell called for tenders for its construction. Born in India, Roskell migrated to Sydney in 1881, having previously been articled to E. W. Pugin in Dublin. (Pugin and his father Augustus Pugin were responsible for the design of a large number of Gothic Revival ecclesiastical buildings in Britain and Western Europe.) In Sydney, Roskell worked in partnership with John Bede Barlow between 1885 and 1891. (The 1887 Church of St Canice in Rushcutters Bay and the 1889 St Francis of Assisi Church in Paddington, designed by the practice are both on the Sydney Local Heritage Register.) Roskell then went to New Zealand, working for two firms known for their ecclesiastical projects. He relocated to Queensland as an employee of the Department of Public Works in 1907. Living in Dalby from 1909, he worked as clerk of the Dalby Town Council and also ran an architectural practice responsible for the Dalby National Bank (1910), the Dalby Hospital (1914) and the Wambo Shire Council offices (1916).</p><br>
<p>St Columbas Convent was opened by the recently appointed coadjutor, His Grace Archbishop Duhig on 8 June 1913, the eve of the feast day of St Columba of Iona. (St Columba had been exiled to this island off Scotland in 563 and later established his ministry there.) A crowd of around 500 visitors attended the ceremony. Father Nolan, the Parish Priest indicated that the convent had cost £7,267 and he needed a further £2,600 to clear the debt. A collection was then taken up, which yielded around £1,600. Speakers praised the efforts of the builder, John Draney and the Clerk of Works, Michael Kelly, as well as the fund raising efforts of the ladies committee. It was expected that subsequent fund raising would focus on building a new church and presbytery for Father Nolan. Michael Kelly departed Dalby the following week to take up the position of Clerk of Works for St Brigids Church at Red Hill, Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The Dalby Herald described the new convent as Gothic in style, standing on a large site, on solid foundations four feet deep, reinforced with rolled joists, bolted together under all the walls of the structure, creating a singular solid frame. Entry to the property was through ornamental iron gates composed of crosses with the name St Columbas Convent emblazoned on them in brass. A gravelled path led to the central main entrance, which had a simple gabled portico again lettered with the name of St Columbas. The front verandah featured sections of cast iron balustrade and all were ten feet wide. Flooring throughout was crows ash.</p><br>
<p>The convents entry doors opened to a hall, flanked on each side by reception rooms, with passageways leading to both wings. To the right was a boarders study which was separated by 9 (2.7 m) high folding doors from a boarders refectory. Three French doors led to the western verandah, along which were located four music rooms. A nearby staircase led up to the boarders dormitory. Directly behind the entrance lobby was the nuns refectory, which included a fireplace and mantle. To the left of the entrance lobby, a grand timber staircase with turned silky oak balustrade ascended to the upper floor. Beyond the staircase was the 63 by 14 (19.2 by 4.3 m) chapel. The sanctuary was lit by arched stained glass windows illuminating the altar. A soft shade of green was used in the glass and in the interior paint scheme. The altar, which no longer remains, was designed and built by Trittons Furniture in Brisbane, donated by Mother Patrick of All Hallows in Brisbane and made as a copy of its altar.</p><br>
<p>The first floor boarders dormitory occupied the entire western wing and had 16 (1.8 m) high coved ceilings. A lavatory and bathroom, with enamelled baths and showers adjoined the dormitory at the rear of the building. The dormitory opened onto front, rear and side verandahs. A corridor led from the boarders dormitory to an infirmary for smaller children, which had a fireplace. Six nuns cells 12 by 8 (3.6 by 2.4 m), painted in French grey were also located here. The upper floor of the eastern wing housed three more cells and a large community room, the nun&#39;s bathrooms and toilets, and linen room. Water was supplied from a bore and from four 2 000 gallon tanks and three smaller rainwater tanks. The convent was one of the earliest buildings in Dalby to have a septic system, the local firm Downs Plumbing and Manufacturing supplying and executing all the plumbing work. Pressed metal ceilings were by Extons.</p><br>
<p>Ongoing development of Catholic facilities in Dalby included a locally designed school (1916) to the rear of the convent towards Jimbour Street, and a new church (1921) a block to the north-east on Cunningham Street and an adjacent presbytery (1930), both designed by Sydney architects Hennessy and Hennessy. Also in Cunningham Street, St John&#39;s Church of England, designed by Toowoomba architect Harry Marks, opened in 1935.</p><br>
<p>Father Nolan was honoured by the Pope in November 1930 and invested as a Monsignor in St Josephs Church, when he was praised for the beautiful church buildings erected in Dalby - the convent, church and school. Within the Parish of Dalby, Nolan was responsible for the construction of new churches in Bell (1912), Warra (1913) and Jandowae (1917), Catholic communities which all would have sent children to school in Dalby. In 1930 and 1932 two further churches - at Cecil Plains and Kaimkillenbun respectively - were opened, both under his direction. The well-respected Nolan remained in the parish until his death in 1950. His church building scheme formed part of Duhigs overall program, which produced over 400 buildings in Queensland, including religious, educational and charitable institutions and hospitals.</p><br>
<p>The chief towns of the Darling Downs - namely Toowoomba, Warwick and Stanthorpe - became, along with Dalby, centres of education with the establishment of a number of day and boarding schools by different Christian denominations. With regards Catholic convents predating St Columba&#39;s, of the four built only the Sisters of Mercy Convent of the Assumption built in 1893-94 in Warwick still exists. Around the time of the construction of the convent at Dalby, other Christian boarding schools were established in Toowoomba and Warwick but were not overseen by an order of nuns or brothers. These generally remain in operation with early buildings often having become part of co-educational colleges formed through a process of school amalgamation, such as in Warwick where the Presbyterian Ladies College (1918) and Scots College for boys (1919) merged in 1970 and now operate as Scots PGC College over two campuses. A brick and timber convent built in Goondiwindi in 1911 and similar in scale to that at Dalby has been demolished. A number of smaller convents and schools were established on the Downs after 1913, including at Allora, Clifton, Crows Nest, Oakey, Miles, Chinchilla and Yarraman. Of these only the Sisters of the Good Samaritan convents at Clifton (1917) and Yarraman (1946) are known to remain, while a number of the schools continue in operation.</p><br>
<p>Boarding was phased out at St Columbas during the 1960s, while the school continued to expand on land behind the convent along Jimbour Street. In 1963 St Marys Christian Brothers College was established in Nicholson Street, near the Dalby Airport, to educate boys from grades 5 to 10. St Marys College became co-educational for grades 8 to 10 in 1980, with St Columbas operating as the co-educational primary school. In October 1990, the Sisters of Mercy departed Dalby, as part of the trend towards co-educational colleges staffed by lay teachers and managed through Diocesan Education Offices. In 1991, the Dalby Parish Finance Committee purchased the convent from the Sisters, upgraded its facilities and established a non-denominational rural student hostel, known as St Josephs, servicing the regional community. St Columbas school to the rear of the convent was extensively fire damaged in 1998 and the decision made to begin a process of relocation to Nicholson Street. The last of the significant school buildings remaining on the site was moved elsewhere. St Columbas and St Marys formally merged in 2008 to form Our Lady of the Southern Cross College based at the Nicholson Street campus.</p><br>
<p>A decline in the Dalby regions rural prosperity led to the closure of St Josephs Hostel in 1999. The former convent became known as Iona after the relocation of the school. It was then used by a number of community and educational groups. In May 2006 the Myall Youth and Community Network Centre (MYCNC) moved into the former convent, however in mid-2010 it was awaiting completion of purpose-built facilities in Diplock Park opposite Dalby High School.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former St Columbas Convent occupies a corner block in the south-western part of Dalby, 80 kilometres north-west of Toowoomba on the Darling Downs. Addressing Cunningham Street to the north-west and Edward Street to the south-west, the two storey brick and timber building has a commanding presence on the street. Opposite it along Cunningham Street are the Dalby Ambulance Station and several residences; whilst further to the north-east are St Josephs Catholic Church and the adjacent Presbytery (not original). The flat allotment covers approximately 2.7 hectares, with the proposed heritage boundary encompassing only its north-western part.</p><br>
<p>The former convent&#39;s plan is H-shaped with a south-western wing extended further to the rear than the north-eastern one. The two storey building stands on concrete footings with various brick piers and timber stumps supporting the verandahs; its core made from reddish bricks laid in English bond, with white render bands at sill and head height decorating the main facade. The brick lintels over the windows and external doors are arched, with either two or three rowlock courses. Throughout the building extensive cracking in the masonry walls is visible both on the exterior and interior.</p><br>
<p>Some of the building&#39;s timber verandahs were originally enclosed with weatherboarding, while others have been more recently enclosed with flat sheeting or chamferboards. Original timber verandah decoration, including stop chamfered posts, decorative post capitals and brackets, and solid timber valances, remains in many parts of the building, particularly on the facade addressing Cunningham Street. The ground floor verandah ceilings are lined with ripple iron sheeting, whilst those on the first floor are raked and have v-jointed timber board linings. Areas of unenclosed verandah have exposed timber floors. An early timber tank stand remains at the rear of the north-eastern wing.</p><br>
<p>Original timber doors are either single-leaf or French with rectangular fanlights. The former are low-waisted with four solid panels, while the latter are low-waisted with single solid panels at the bottom and two rectangular panes divided by a narrow glazing bar at the top. Some doors appear to have been relocated within the building.</p><br>
<p>The main roof, clad in corrugated iron sheeting, consists of two parallel long gables over the north-eastern and south-western wings connected by another gabled section over the central building range. The gable ends are decorated with moulded bargeboards and partial timber batten infill. The roofs over the verandahs are broken-backed. Two brick chimneys, painted white, are located above the inner face of the south-western wing, and several metal vents pierce the roof ridges. Celtic crosses adorn the ends of the main gables.</p><br>
<p>The Cunningham Street facade is largely symmetrical, with a central portico formed in timber and verandahs running behind it between the brick walls of the two main gabled wings. The verandahs here have original cast iron balustrades, painted white, set into timber top and bottom rails. The portico is supported on double posts and topped by a pediment with ornamentation forming a gothic pointed arch. The western gable end has three lancet windows on each floor, with pink and green patterned glass; while the eastern gable end is slightly narrower, with two lancet windows on the upper floor and a projecting bay on the ground with three lancet windows (one filled with sheeting). It has a corrugated iron gable roof and timber gable ornamentation. Under the adjacent verandah a sacristy is formed in brick with lancet windows.</p><br>
<p>The north-eastern facade retains many of its open verandah areas. A recent timber staircase provides access to the first floor verandah, the southern end of which is clad in weatherboards. At the northern end of this floor the first two bays of the verandah are enclosed with chamferboards and banks of louvered windows. On the south-western facade only a small portion of the ground floor verandah remains unenclosed. A double storey brick section with three original windows divides the facade and houses an original internal staircase. Various window types feature including three-light casements, aluminium sliders and louvers.</p><br>
<p>The rear facade is dominated by the two projecting wings forming a courtyard. The areas of enclosed verandah are variously clad in weatherboards or chamferboards. A multitude of window types feature, including original timber-framed double-hung sashes, four-light timber casements, and aluminium-framed sliders. There is an original external timber staircase in the verandah area of the central building range. The brick gable ends of both wings feature small ventilation openings.</p><br>
<p>The interior fabric of the building is largely intact. Most internal ceilings are lined with pressed metal, in a variety of patterns, including ceiling roses and cornices, although modern fluorescent lights and ceiling fans have often been fitted over the roses. All interior masonry walls are plastered and painted; and most rooms and corridors have a timber picture rail positioned either in line with the top of the fanlights or just below ceiling level (rooms without picture rails include the former nuns cells and the kitchen). Wide timber skirtings line the base of most walls, and timber floors are largely carpeted. The ground floor layout of the former St Columbas Convent remains substantially intact, with only one interior wall removed (in the kitchen). Entry is from Cunningham Street, off the verandah and into a small lobby with reception rooms either side. The elaborate front door is timber-framed and set into an arched opening; with patterned glass lights (green, red and yellow) surrounding the central, low-waisted double door. Some original door hardware remains. On the far side of the entrance lobby is an elaborate doorway into the central corridor. Topped by an open timber-framed fanlight containing the top of a pointed arch and two timber quatrefoils, the doorway has two fixed and two opening leaves, each glazed with five arctic glass lights.</p><br>
<p>Beyond this a central hallway runs parallel to the main facade, linking the north-eastern and south-western wings. This has a carpeted floor and stop-chamfered edges around openings. Rooms on the southern side of the corridor are the former nuns refectory, a small office (formerly work room) and the main staircase. This features a polished silky oak balustrade. At the south-western end of the former nuns refectory is a fireplace with a carved silky oak mantelpiece. The north-eastern wing houses the chapel, with adjacent brick sacristy. The sanctuary is located in the bay projection at the northern end, separated from the main space by an arched opening and two steps. The stained glass of the sanctuary features flowers and symbols such as alpha and omega, whilst all other windows contain leadlighting in various shades of green. A door leads into the small sacristy and the one connecting to the central corridor has a flashed glass border. The Stations of the Cross are in timber frames surmounted by a small cross.</p><br>
<p>The south-western wing contains two large rooms at the northern end, with original bi-fold timber doors made of eight panels, approximately 2.7 metres high, dividing the former boarder&#39;s study from the refectory. At the southern end is a kitchen, with an adjacent cold room and pantry inserted where the music rooms were. The kitchen is recently fitted out; however an original stove alcove remains. The floor is covered with linoleum. These rooms contain original doors, windows, timber-lined walls and a corridor leading to the western verandah. The amenities area on the eastern side of the enclosed verandah contains some original fabric, such as doors and board lined walls. The brick enclosed staircase in the north-western corner of this wing has a simple, painted timber balustrade, carpeted stairs and pressed metal on the underside of the upper landing.</p><br>
<p>On the first floor, the core of the former convent on either side of the central corridor consists of six small rooms, formerly nuns cells, and a large room (former infirmary) currently divided in two. Five of the cells run along the northern side of the corridor, with the sixth adjacent to the main staircase. The enclosed verandah to the rear of these rooms contains a kitchen, dining area and bathroom. The timber floor here is lined with linoleum and the exterior brick walls are unpainted. The north-eastern wing houses a meeting room at the front of the building, three former nuns cells and amenities at the southern end. The south-western wing was formerly a single long dormitory room but is now divided into five rooms by plasterboard-lined partitions and areas of ceiling. The original coved ceiling runs the entire length of the former dormitory and is visible in three of the five rooms, with low plasterboard ceilings in two of the rooms. The former boarder amenities are located in the verandah at the southern end of this wing. Rooms here, which include a large amenities room, retain some original doors, windows and board-lined walls and ceiling. Floors have been lined with linoleum and modern bathroom fixtures installed.</p><br>
<p>In the former nuns cells there are sections of likely recent wallpaper remaining on the walls. A fireplace with timber mantelpiece identical to the one on the ground floor features in the largest room. The rear external staircase has been enclosed on this level. The meeting room at the front of the north-east wing has two filled doorways on the north-east wall. The three former nun&#39;s cells are divided from each other and from the corridor by timber walls lined with vertically-jointed, tongue and groove boards. They each have a recent double door opening on to the north-east verandah. The amenities and store room at the southern end of this wing have recent fixtures and linings.</p><br>
<p>Though largely open lawn, a variety of trees and shrubs are planted along the edges of the St Columba&#39;s property and throughout its grounds. Some mature trees as remnants of early planting schemes are significance, such as several mature bottle trees (Brachychiton rupestris) in the front and north-east lawn areas. There is an informal parking area at the rear of the building. The main feature of the front fence is a gateway marked by two original brick pillars.</p><br>
<p>Near the north-east boundary is a brick pavilion, housing a crucifix statue on a raised platform. It has a gabled, tiled roof and round arches spanning between the corner pillars, some of which are topped by a small cross. Larger crosses sit at the gable peaks and the flat ceiling is lined with pressed metal. On the north-east side of the building, near the sacristy, is a grotto made from stone with a garden in the centre. A statue of the Virgin Mary stands in an alcove in the rear wall and a marble plaque, dedicated to Sister Mary Agatha who died in 1917, is attached to a sandstone block.</p><br>
<p>A brass plaque in the front garden area commemorates 113 years of the Sisters of Mercy in Dalby. A marble plaque is attached to the northern corner of the main facade commemorates the laying of the foundation stone but is unlikely to be original. Next to the main door is a large brass plaque, commemorating the blessing and reopening of the building as St Joseph&#39;s Parish Hostel in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former St Columba&#39;s Convent was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 December 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Columba&#39;s Convent, a substantial brick and timber building constructed and opened in 1913 almost debt-free because of the donations made by parishioners, strikingly demonstrates the prosperity generated through pastoralism and agriculture on the Darling Downs, one of the most productive rural areas in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>St Columbas, designed by local architect George Bernard Roskell and constructed for the Sisters of Mercy, demonstrates the spread of the Catholic Church in regional Queensland, and in particular the significant contribution played by this order of nuns in the spiritual and educational development of the state through its establishment of convents, schools and boarding accommodation. The order served the Dalby parish for 113 years, occupying St Columbas for 77 of these until 1990.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>St Columbas Convent is an outstanding and highly intact example of a Sisters of Mercy convent and boarding facility built to serve the prosperous Darling Downs town of Dalby. On Cunningham Street the former convent retains its commanding presence, while its exterior displays further principal characteristics of a building of this type: triple-gabled street facade employing Gothic motifs and a perimeter of timber verandahs. In terms of layout and interior finishes, the former convent is also highly intact and therefore strongly illustrative of this type of cultural place: including ground floor chapel and sacristy, stained glass and leadlight windows, decorative timberwork, refectory and reception rooms and first floor nuns cells and boarders&#39; dormitory with a coved, pressed metal ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>St Columbas Convent is an elegant architectural composition with great aesthetic merit, with its triple-gabled front facade, walls of face brick with cement rendered bands, and a perimeter of timber verandahs. The cohesive design and scale realised in the convent gives it a commanding visual presence on the south-western end of Cunningham Street, Dalbys main thoroughfare, a quality that it shares with two other ecclesiastical buildings in the block to the north-east - St Josephs Catholic Church and St Johns Church of England.</p><br>
<p>Otto J. Hager House is a historic building located in Waukon, Iowa, United States. Built from 1907 to 1908, the Hager house is the only known Iowa commission for Chicago architect Robert Clossen Spencer, Jr. Spencer played a leading role in the development of the Prairie School movement in the Midwest. His worked was strongly influenced by the English Arts and Crafts movement, but with this house he moved away from that influence. It was designed in what was thought to be the most innovative period of his career.</p><br>
<p>The two-story, brick residence with a rubble stone foundation follows a rectangular plan. The main facade is asymmetrical. The open entry porch is off-center, and features a superimposed chamfered balcony room. It is balanced by the stepped window stair set to the right. These two elements are vertically aligned with two hipped dormers on the roof. The entry is flanked by two free standing flared columns with decorative capitals. They support an exposed wooden beam below the balcony room. Postville limestone contrasts with the red Monona brick, and was used for the water table, first floor window sills, terrace copings, a continuous projecting belt course, chimney copings, and a surround on the stair window set. The back of the house features a half octagonal kitchen wing, which is in line with the main entrance. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Stagecoach Inn is a historic building at the corner of United States Route 7 and Fern Lake Road in the center of Leicester, Vermont. Built about 1830, it is one of the best-preserved examples of a 19th-century stagecoach accommodation between Rutland and Vergennes, with a distinctive combination of Federal and Greek Revival architectural elements. Now converted to a residence, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Stagecoach Inn stands facing south toward Fern Lake Road, just east of its junction with US 7, across which Leicester&#39;s small town center is located. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a side-gable roof and clapboarded exterior. It is set on a modern concrete block foundation, having been moved back from the highway and turned 90 degrees in 1977. Its most distinctive exterior feature is the two-story from porch, which is recessed under the main roof. The porch is supported by Doric columns with differing details on the first and second floors. The main entrance is at the center of the five-bay facade, flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters, with a porch entrance directly above which has similar pilasters. An integral ell extends to the rear of the building. Both the main block and ell retain original features on the interior, including woodwork and door hardware, fireplace surrounds, and stencilwork on the walls.</p><br>
<p>The structures construction date is uncertain, but it was probably begun before 1830, intended to be a retail store. It was purchased by Dr. William Gile, a prominent local physician, who is credited with completing the buildings construction and opening it as a traveler&#39;s accommodation on the Rutland-Vergennes stagecoach route (now US 7). It was operated as such until 1859, also serving as a local social meeting point. It was thereafter converted into a strictly retail space, serving as a general store and post office into the 20th century, when it was converted into a private residence. It was moved (remaining on its 5 acre lot) in 1977 because its location close to the main road impeded sightlines from Fern Lake Road.</p><br>
<p>The Foundry Bridge is a historic Warren pony truss bridge, carrying Foundry Road across the First Branch White River in Tunbridge, Vermont. Built in 1889, it is one of the state&#39;s oldest wrought iron bridges, and the only surviving example in the state of work by the Vermont Construction Company, its only local manufacturer of such bridges. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Foundry Bridge is located in the village of North Tunbridge, providing access across the First Branch White River to rural eastern parts of the town via Foundry Road. The bridge is a single-span Warren pony truss, set on abutments of dry laid stone. The bridge is trapezoidal in profile, its trusses 72 ft in length. The roadway width is 11 ft, with a total structure width of 13 ft. Distinctive features of the trusses indicating its age include riveted joints (an advance over older pin connections) and posts between the truss panels. The bridge deck consists of timber stringers on a wrought iron frame, supporting a wooden bridge deck. The web of truss components reflects a means of fabrication that was obsolete at the time, but still in use by the builder, who had not yet adopted recent advances in steel rolling technology.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1889, its trusses fabricated by the Vermont Construction Company of St. Albans, which was the only Vermont business of the period to built wrought iron trusses. The bridge, built for the town at a cost of $876, provided access from the village of North Tunbridge to two of its major industries, Smith&#39;s Foundry (for which the road is named) and a gristmill. The Vermont Construction Company was in business from 1885 to 1901, when it was acquired by the American Bridge Company.</p><br>
<p>Simons Inn, also known more recently as Rowells Inn, is a historic traveler&#39;s accommodation on Vermont Route 11 in Andover, Vermont. Built in 1826, it is a remarkably well-preserved example of a 19th-century stagecoach inn. It has for many years been a local community meeting point, serving as a general store and post office until 1950. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and continues to see use as an inn.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Rowells Inn stands in the crossroads village of Simonsville in central southern Andover, a rural community on the east side of Vermonts Green Mountains. It is located at the western corner of Route 11 and the Middletown Road. Route 11 is a historically (and presently) major east-west route across the state, and Middletown Road leads to the town center of Weston, which was originally part of Andover. The inn is a large 2-1/2 story brick building, with a front-facing gabled roof. Its most prominent feature is a three-level porch, the first two levels spanning the full width of the front facade, and the third set in a curved-ceiling recess under the gable. The buildings walls are locally made brick laid in American bond, and the sills and lintels are soapstone. The main entrance is at the center of the front facade; it is a double door of late Victorian vintage, which replaced an original Federal period entrance with sidelight windows. A wood frame ell 1-1/2 stories in height extends to the buildings rear, and a 20th-century garage stands on the property as well.</p><br>
<p>The inn was built in 1826 (not 1820 as stated incorrectly on a plate above the door) by Edward Simons, and has served as a local community meeting point and travelers accommodation since then. It is architecturally a distinctive example of Federal period architecture, with the front porch (added later) giving it Greek Revival flair. In 1910, the inn was purchased by Frederick Rowell, and has generally been known as Rowells Inn since then.</p><br>
<p>Vixen Tor is a tor on Dartmoor, England. The rocky outcrop is said to resemble the Sphinx. There is a legend that a witch once lived there and lured travellers to their doom in a nearby bog. The tor is on private land. Since 2003 access by the public has been banned, causing protests and mass trespassing by hikers and climbers.</p><br>
<h2>The tor</h2><br>
<p>The tor lies between Tavistock and Princetown on Dartmoor.</p><br>
<p>There is a car park to the south of the A384 road midway between Two Bridges and Tavistock.</p><br>
<p>The tor is 0.5 mi away.</p><br>
<p>The tor rises 120 ft from the moor. The peak is 300 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>It is a granite mass that appears to be made from rocks piled up on each other.</p><br>
<p>The tor is the highest free-standing rock on Dartmoor.</p><br>
<p>From some angles it is said to resemble the Sphinx.</p><br>
<p>Others say it is a vixen and yet others say it looks like an old man with a cap on his head and his back to his wife.</p><br>
<p>27 rock climbing routes have been identified, but climbing is completely banned.</p><br>
<h2>Legend of Vixana</h2><br>
<p>There is a legend that a witch named Vixana once lived in a cave at the foot of the tor that she had made the earth gnomes build for her.</p><br>
<p>She was tall, bent and ugly.</p><br>
<p>She delighted in calling up a mist to surround any traveller who passed the bog at the foot of the tor, so they would lose their way and be sucked down to their death.</p><br>
<p>She met her fate when she tried to lure a handsome young man of the moor to his fate, but he had the power to see through the mist and to make himself invisible.</p><br>
<p>He escaped and pushed the witch to her death on the rocks below the tor.</p><br>
<p>Another version has the witch drowning in the bog into which she had lured so many people.</p><br>
<h2>Access controversy</h2><br>
<p>The land containing the tor has been owned privately since around 1970.</p><br>
<p>A new owner bought 360 acre of land around the tor in 2003, and at once closed all access to the landmark.</p><br>
<p>She explained that her insurance company had told her she could be liable if walkers or climbers injured themselves on the tor.</p><br>
<p>The Ramblers Association and British Mountaineering Council launched a campaign to publicise the issue, including a "mass trespass" of 20 people on 1 January 2004.</p><br>
<p>A court found in June 2004 that the owner had made changes to unimproved grassland without obtaining permission, and fined the owner.</p><br>
<p>A public inquiry found in January 2005 that the land was in fact farmland, and the court ruling was overturned in May 2005.</p><br>
<p>Other groups became involved and arranged further protests.</p><br>
<p>The Devon County Council claimed that paths leading to the tor were in free public use from 1956 to 1976, and on that basis were public rights of way and should be reopened.</p><br>
<p>However, in September 2011 a planning inspector ruled that there was insufficient evidence of use over an unbroken twenty-year period.</p><br>
<p>Lansing Fisheries Building, also known as the Lansing Fish Hatchery/Lansing Fish Rescue Station, is a historic building located in Lansing, Iowa, United States. Lansing was long associated with fish rescue work along the Mississippi River. Fish would get caught in the backwaters and would suffocate when the water levels dropped or froze to death in the shallow waters in winter. Rescued fish would either be redeposited in the river or transported inland to stock streams and lakes by the State Fish and Game Warden .</p><br>
<p>This building was constructed by the Iowa State Fish and Game Warden in 1915 as a headquarters for fish rescue, and as a fish hatchery. The facility was along the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad tracks, and it an other railroads in the state would transport fish for the state for a nominal fee in specially designed cars for stocking purposes. In the 1930s the Lansing facility became the headquarters for</p><br>
<p>fish management in eastern Iowa. Rescue efforts were discontinued in the 1940s, but the facility remained a hatchery into the late 1970s. Luther College leased the building in 1981 for an onsite laboratory. Beginning in 1984 the Lansing chapter of the Veterans of Foreign Wars began leasing the building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>H. Lauter Company Complex, also known as J. Solotken Company, Lauter Lofts, and Harding Street Lofts, is a historic factory complex located at Indianapolis, Indiana. It was built between 1894 and 1912, and includes the South Factory, the North Factory, and the Office Building. The factory buildings are in the Italianate and the office building is in the Classical Revival style. The North Factory is a four-story brick building with a raised full basement constructed sometime between 1908 and 1912. The Office Building is a two-story brick building constructed between 1899 and 1908 and has a truncated hipped roof. The four-story, "U"-shaped core of the South Factory was built in two phases; the eastern portion between 1894 and 1898 and the western portion in 1899. The H. Lauter Company furniture manufacturer began in 1894 and they continued to operate at the location until 1936. The buildings have been converted to condominiums and apartments.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Indianapolis Public Library Branch No. 3, also known as East Washington Library, is a historic Carnegie library located in Indianapolis, Indiana. It was built between 1909 and 1911, and is a one-story, rectangular, Tudor Revival style dark red brick building on a raised basement. It has a truncated hipped roof behind a castellated parapet, and features terra cotta details and two hooded monk sculptures by Alexander Sangernebo. It was one of five libraries constructed from the $120,000 the Carnegie Foundation gave the city of Indianapolis in 1909 to be used towards the construction of six branch libraries.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016. The library was closed for renovation in 2016 and reopened in February 2017. The $2.4 million renovations included an addition at the rear of building that included a 2,200 ft&sup2; computer room and an elevator to make the library compliant with the American Disabilities Act (the last branch in the library system to become compliant). The project also created community space in the basement and updated the restrooms.</p><br>
<p>Deep Creek Railway Bridge is a heritage-listed railway bridge on the Mungar-Monto railway line in Didcot, North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by William Pagan and built in 1905 by day labour. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mungar-Monto railway line was built only as far as Degilbo before the financial depression of the early 1890s halted the rail construction program. Construction resumed in 1905 under the Railway Department&#39;s day labour program. William Pagan was Chief Engineer at the time. Construction began on the Degilbo to Wetheron extension in February 1905. William Pagan inspected the extent of the construction and preparatory work on the Deep Creek bridge in March 1905. The bridge was completed and the line opened by 21 December 1905. Pagan described the bridge in his annual report for that year as "a concrete bridge of somewhat novel design".</p><br>
<p>The bridge represented a substantial development in concrete arch bridge design. It followed the 33 foot spans used in Swansons Rail Bridge on the Main Line near Toowoomba and the 47 foot span at Petrie Terrace road overbridge. It was followed by two substantial concrete arch bridges on the Main Line near Lockyer.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Deep Creek bridge is a concrete viaduct with an 80-foot (24.4m) concrete arch flanked by two smaller 15 foot (4.6m) arches, with the track run on sleepers and ballast in a trough. It has the date of construction, 1905, cast into the sides.</p><br>
<p>It consists of:</p><br>
<p>Embankment</p><br>
<p>1x15 foot (4.6m) concrete arch, ballasted top, concrete abutment, common concrete abutment.</p><br>
<p>1x80 foot (24.4m) concrete arch with 4x15 foot (4.6m) spandrel arches, ballasted top, common concrete abutments</p><br>
<p>1x15 foot (4.6m) concrete arch, ballasted top, concrete abutments, common concrete abutment.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Deep Creek Railway Bridge was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>This concrete arch bridge has the third longest span of its type in Queensland and was the third bridge of its type to be constructed in Australia. The bridge frames the rocky valley of the creek and its innovative design was associated with the Chief Engineer, William Pagan.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>This concrete arch bridge has the third longest span of its type in Queensland and was the third bridge of its type to be constructed in Australia.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The bridge frames the rocky valley of the creek and its innovative design was associated with the Chief Engineer, William Pagan.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The bridge frames the rocky valley of the creek and its innovative design was associated with the Chief Engineer, William Pagan.</p><br>
<p>Gormire Lake is a natural lowland lake that lies at the foot of Whitestone Cliff, a western escapment of the Hambleton Hills in the North York Moors National Park. The lake is 2 km east of the village of Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe in North Yorkshire, England. Gormire has no inflow or major outflow of water. It is thought to be fed by an underground spring and drained by a limestone channel so the water finds a way out through the base of the cliff face to the east of the lake. The lake is also known as the White Mere, Lake Gormire, or more simply, Gormire. The name Gormire translates as filthy swamp.</p><br>
<p>The lake was formed over 20,000 years ago by glacial erosion. When an ice sheet pushed its way between the Pennines and the North York Moors, it bulldozed the soft earth away and carved the cliffs at Whitestone and in turn the mud leftover stopped the waters egress and formed the glacial lake. Gormire Lake was a result of this process and is fourth largest of the natural lakes in Yorkshire (the other three being Hornsea Mere, Malham Tarn and Semerwater). The lake was first designated as an SSSI in 1954; however, in 1985 the area surrounding the lake was incorporated into the SSSI status with the new area being 54.03 hectare. The new designation incorporates the broadleaf woodlands of Garbutt Wood which encroach right up to the waters edge.</p><br>
<p>The lake is the setting of several myths; one being of a knight known as Sir Harry Scriven who conned the Abbot of Rievaulx Abbey into letting him ride his horse (a white mare, the so called derivation of White Mare Cliff (another name for Whitestonecliff)). The knight and the abbot rode on from an inn and as they did so, it turned into a race. The abbot then changed into the devil, which caused such panic in the knight that he couldnt stop the horse and himself plunging into Gormire Lake from the clifftop. The devil&#39; was then seen to jump into the lake after them and the boiling effect of the devil in the water is what is said to have caused the darkness of the lake to this day.</p><br>
<p>Other myths are that the lake is bottomless, that the bottom of the lake is the entrance to hell, there is submerged village underneath the water and that a goose once disappeared in the lake to emerge in a well at Kirkbymoorside stripped of all its feathers.</p><br>
<p>Gormire Lake is popular with wild swimmers as it has no streams feeding it so there is very little current and the waters are described as being warm. Swimmers have reported that it is seething with leeches.</p><br>
<p>Koli is a hill by the lake Pielinen in municipality of Lieksa in eastern Finland. It mainly consists of white quartzite, and its summit has large treeless areas. Koli village is at the root of the hill, and the area is part of Koli National Park.</p><br>
<p>Koli has inspired many painters and composers, e.g. Jean Sibelius, Juhani Aho and Eero Järnefelt. Eero Järnefelt painted a large scene together with A.W. Finch and Ilmari Aalto in 1911, which can be seen in the Helsinki railway station restaurant. Painters discovered Koli in the 19th century and it has been called one of the national sceneries of Finland.</p><br>
<p>Predecessor of the Koli fells, the Karelian fold mountains, or Karelides were formed in a crash of tectonic plates about 1800 million years ago, an old plate sunk down towards the core of the Earth and a younger plate pushed upwards. From the younger plate arose the five-kilometre-high peaked mountains known as Karelides. Over the millions of years, however, the high mountains eroded and only Koli remains.</p><br>
<p>Koli&#39;s cliffs have received their characteristic smooth, rounded shape during the ice age. The continental ice has also collected moraines to eskers, moved huge boulders and created boulder caves and rocks with ripple marks in the area.</p><br>
<p>The summits are called Ukko-Koli (347 m), Akka-Koli (339 m), Paha-Koli (334 m) and Pieni-Koli (238 m). (Names translate unofficially as Old Man Koli, Old Wife Koli, Bad Koli and Small Koli.)</p><br>
<p>G. Kerndt & Brothers Office Block, also known as the Kerndt Brothers Building, is a historic building located in Lansing, Iowa, United States. The four Kerndt brothers were all German immigrants who settled in the Lansing area by 1854. Gustav, William and Mortiz established a broom factory and cigar business in town while Herman farmed and provided the broom corn for the factory. In 1861 they built the first part of this building to house their general store. They were so successful they expanded the building in 1866. In addition to the store they also owned a gran elevator along the Mississippi River. Added to this they started in private banking as a part of their mercantile business. In 1908 it was incorporated by the family as the Kerndt Brothers Savings Bank. This building now houses the Kerndt Brothers Savings Bank Community Center.</p><br>
<p>The commercial Italianate building is a three-story brick structure. It features a simple cornice, a rounded corner, and two storefronts. The iron balconies on the second and third floors of the rounded corner are recreations of the originals. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982,</p><br>
<p>G. Kerndt and Brothers Elevator and Warehouses, No. 11, No.12 and No. 13 is a historic building located in Lansing, Iowa, United States. The four Kerndt brothers were all German immigrants who settled in the Lansing area by 1854. Gustav, William and Mortiz established a broom factory and cigar business in town while Herman farmed and provided the broom corn for the factory. A fifth brother, Julian, died shortly after arriving in Iowa. They built their first grain warehouse in the late 1850s. In 1861 they began their general store, which would in time include private banking as a part of their mercantile business. In 1908 it was incorporated by the family as the Kerndt Brothers Savings Bank.</p><br>
<p>The first floor on the north side of this building was completed in 1868, and was known as warehouses 11 and 12. The elevator portion of the building was added in 1890. It is the upper portion with the gable roof. Warehouse 13 is the section on the south side of the building that projects forward. The main floor of the building is brick, and built on a basement of native limestone. The basement is exposed in the back, and it extends to the edge of the Mississippi River. The upper section where the grain elevator was located is a frame structure that was originally faced with corrugated metal. At the time of its nomination the grain elevator machinery was still in place. The building now houses several different commercial enterprises. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979,</p><br>
<p>The Lansing Main Street Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Lansing, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. The district covers most of the central business district, which is generally along Main Street. The commercial buildings are mostly masonry structures constructed with bricks or native limestone. A few buildings are frame construction with gable roofs. The buildings are from one- to three-stories in height, although most are no taller that two stories. The Italianate architectural style dominates. Most of the upper stories in the buildings housed retail or office space, but a few were residential. The commercial buildings that did not house retail establishments were located near the Mississippi River and were industrial in nature. The G. Kerndt & Brothers Office Block  and the G. Kerndt and Brothers Elevator and Warehouses, No. 11, No.12 and No. 13  are individually listed on the National Register. Three public buildings are located in the district: the former jail and fire station , the Art Deco former City Hall , and the modern USA Post Office .</p><br>
<p>The Warren Commercial Historic District encompasses the historic commercial heart of Warren, Arkansas. The districts northern end is focused on the Bradley County Courthouse and Clerks Office, and extends down Main Street to Church Street, with branches along cross streets and roads radiating from the courthouse square. This area was developed beginning in the 1840s, but its oldest buildings date to the 1890s, primarily brick commercial buildings. Of architectural note are the courthouse, a Beaux Arts structure built in 1903, and the Classical Revival Warren Bank building .</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016. Buildings individually listed in the district include the courthouse, post office, and the Art Moderne Blankinship Motor Company Building. Some of Warren&#39;s early brick streets are also found in the district.</p><br>
<p>The Main Street Bridge is a historic structure located in Charles City, Iowa, United States. It spans the Cedar River for 248 ft. Before a bridge was built at this location local citizens would cross the river by way of a ferry, at a ford in summer, and across the ice in winter. The first bridge at this location was washed away in a flood while it was under construction in 1858. The second bridge was completed in 1864, and it was destroyed in a flood two years later. A temporary bridge was completed in 1867, and it was replaced by a truss bridge in 1870. It was used for 40 years despite an engineer&#39;s study in 1892 that suggested it be condemned. The Floyd County Board of Supervisors approved a replacement bridge in 1908. The old bridge was moved to a new spot five blocks downstream, but contract problems delayed construction of the new bridge. Advance Construction Company of Waukesha, Wisconsin was finally awarded a contract in March 1909. The three span concrete filled spandrel arch bridge was designed by their designing engineer G.W. Miller. It was completed in 1910 for about $40,000, which was paid for by the county and the city. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Athcarne Cross, also called Gaulstown Cross or the White Cross, is a wayside cross and National Monument located in County Meath, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Athcarne Cross is located near the sources of the Nanny, 3.6 km southwest of Duleek.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cross was erected in c. 1675 by Dame Cecilia Bathe (née Dowdall) as a memorial to herself and her husband Sir Luke Bathe. The cross had been incorporated into the wall of a cottage but it was conserved as a National Monument in 1935 and is known as Athcarne cross, after nearby Athcarne Castle.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>On the east face of the cross is depicted the Crucifixion of Jesus with the arms of Jesus being held high above the head along the shaft of the cross, similar to a crux simplex. His feet rest on a skull and crossbones.</p><br>
<p>On the west face is the Madonna and Child, with the arms of the Bathe and Dowdall families and the Arma Christi.</p><br>
<p>The head of the cross has carved angels, similar to other wayside-crosses, and a small Maltese cross.</p><br>
<p>Marble Rock Bank, also known as the Marble Rock Historical Society Building, is a historic building located in Marble Rock, Iowa, United States. New York native J.B. Shepardson settled in Marble Rock in 1864. He was involved in a number of ventures including running a store, a hotel, and land speculation. He and his brother S.E. Shepardson opened the Marble Rock Bank in 1873, and they had this building constructed in 1885. It is a single-story structure that features a stone facade, nine corbels that support a plain cornice, and a simple stone plaque that identified the building as a bank. The building survived two fires that destroyed much of the town in 1899, making this the oldest commercial building in town. Banking operations moved from here in 1927, and the bank itself closed in 1932. The Marble Rock Historical Society, established in 1972, bought the building in 1974 for use as a museum. They have subsequently acquired other buildings that have been added to the museum complex. The former bank building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Rockford Mill is a historic building located in Rockford, Iowa, United States. Vermont native J.T. Graham learned the milling profession in Sacramento, California during the California Gold Rush. After moving to Iowa in 1853 he built and operated several mills in the state. In 1871 he built the Rockford Mill with partner D.D. Cutler. It is a two-story gable building on a stone foundation. A shed roofed addition was built onto the east side of the building later. Graham was sole proprietor after 1875. What made this mill unique in Floyd County was that 90% of the work was custom grinding. It processed wheat, buckwheat, cornmeal and feed. Several owners operated the mill after Graham&#39;s death. H.W. Winston was unsuccessful at making electricity for the town in 1899. The dam was added in 1918. Rockford Light and Power Company operated the building in 1913 and Cedar Valley Electric Company from 1916 to 1920. They combined feed milling with water and power production. Feed milling continued until World War II when it had to be suspended because of a labor shortage. By the time the war ended the mill pond had silted in and the dam deteriorated, so the operator had to rely on electrical power alone in 1952. It was the last feed mill operation left in the county by that time. The decline in farming operations brought local feed milling to an end. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Jaeckel Hotel is a historic hotel in Statesboro, Georgia that is now being used as Statesboro City Hall. It is located at 50 East Main Street.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was built in 1905 and it is three stories tall built of terra cotta block with brick veneer. The building faces Main Street, where it has a Neoclassical porch. The building was renovated sometime after 1939 when the columns were removed and shortened and the capitals were removed. The interior is details in Neoclassical style. The ceilings are pressed tin. In 1935 a three-story addition was added in the back. An elevator was added in 1939.</p><br>
<p>The hotel served as the center of local social life in the early part of the 20th century. William Jennings Bryan, Cornelius Vanderbilt and Henry Ford stayed at the hotel.</p><br>
<p>An adjacent small lot was acquired in 1910; on the rear of it a "Drummers&#39; Building" was built of brick. It had three display rooms used by traveling salesmen ("drummers") who could stay at the hotel and store and sell their merchandise there. The merchants arrived by roadway or by the railroad.</p><br>
<p>The sidewalk in front of the hotel and the Drummers&#39; Building is the only surviving section of hexagonal block sidewalk, from approximately the turn of the 20th century, that remains in the city.</p><br>
<p>The property, including Drummers&#39; Building and sidewalk, was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 17, 1982, as "Jaeckel Hotel".</p><br>
<p>The building is now the Statesboro City Hall. In 2016, the City Council had its twice-monthly meetings in the City Council Room on the second floor of the building. Also meeting there, on a monthly basis, were two committees, the Statesboro Planning Commission and the citys Alcohol Control Board. At least two committees, the Statesboro Beautification Commission and the Tree Committee, held their regular monthly meetings in the Drummers Building.</p><br>
<p>Jarfjorden  is a fjord on Varanger Fjord in Sør-Varanger Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. The fjord stretches 21 km south to Jarfjordbotn.</p><br>
<p>The fjord inlet is between Oterneset in the west and Rundskjeret in the east. Just inside the entrance is Litle Jarfjorden almost parallel to Jarfjorden on the east side. There are few human settlements up the fjord like Lanabukt on the east side and a bit further to the south there is the villages of Storbukt and Tårnet. Here the fjord turns almost ninety degrees to the west into the last section of Jarfjordbotn.</p><br>
<p>When navigating into Jarfjorden, it is advised to travel nearer the west side. The best place to anchor in Jarfjorden is at Lanabukt, where the water is 20 to 24 metres deep, and where a floating wharf is now in place, thanks to the Sea Salmon Fishermens Association (Sjølaksefiskarlaget) with Sami support. There is a small uninhabited island called Hinnøya in Jarfjorden, close to Lanabukt. King eider and Stellers eider can be seen on Jarfjorden near Lanabukt during the winter.</p><br>
<p>Small vessels can alternatively anchor off Jarfjordbotn near the head of the fjord, where the depth is up to 22 metres.</p><br>
<p>Norwegian National Road 886 runs along the south side of the fjord. Norway&#39;s oldest bedrock, Jarfjordgneis, migmatitic gneiss, which is 2900 million years old, is located near fjord. It dates from the Precambrian period.</p><br>
<p>The St. Peter Armory is a former National Guard Armory in St. Peter, Minnesota, United States. Built from 1912 to 1913, it is one of the oldest armories still standing in Minnesota and was the first one to be owned by the state upon its completion. It was designed in a restrained Gothic Revival style which captures a transition in Minnesota armory design from heavy, fortresslike buildings to the simpler designs of the 1920s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 for having local significance in the themes of architecture, military history, and social history. It was nominated for being an excellent example of Minnesota&#39;s pre-World War I armories, as well as for its early status, transitional architecture, and role in St. Peter as a center not only of military affairs but also social and recreational events.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>The St. Peter Armory grew out of the Militia Act of 1903. The act laid out the circumstances in which the National Guard could be federalized, and organized the Guard like the regular army. In addition, the act provided funding for military training and the construction of National Guard armories. Eight years later a board to oversee armory construction in Minnesota was created. Three armories were to be built per year. The legislature eventually appropriated $15,000 for each new armory. The state shared construction costs with the host cities. Armories built before 1911 generally had been financed with city money and through private fundraising.</p><br>
<p>The St. Peter Armory has a Medieval Revival-influenced design. A large number of the nation&#39;s pre-World War I armories were built in this style, which had fortress-like elements. It had been popular in armory design since the 1880s. In the 20th century, architects began moving away from the Medieval Revival style. Armories became less fortress-like and more civically oriented in their design. The St. Peter Armory has Medieval Revival, as well as civically influenced elements. It is an excellent example of the transition in armory design that was occurring at the time. The armory was designed by architect James F. Denson and built by Ole Fredricksen of St. Peter.</p><br>
<h2>Use</h2><br>
<p>St. Peter’s Company K of the Second Infantry Regiment, Minnesota National Guard, was the first unit based at the armory. The unit served during the 1916–1917 height of the USA–Mexican Border War and World War I.</p><br>
<p>After World War I the Minnesota National Guard reorganized. The Armory became home to Company D of the 205th Infantry Regiment. In the years between the World Wars the Minnesota National Guard was called to duty more than thirty times. During World War II the St. Peter unit was deployed to the Aleutian Islands. After World War II the Minnesota National Guard reorganized again. The St. Peter unit was designated a Service Battery of the First Battalion, 125th Field Artillery of the 47th Division. The unit was activated during the Korean War.</p><br>
<p>The armory also served as a community center. Military clubs met there as well as the local American Legion post. The armory was one of the city’s principal social and recreational facilities for about 65 years. Trade shows, conventions, sporting events, dances, roller skating parties, and educational activities were held there.</p><br>
<p>The local National Guard unit eventually outgrew the St. Peter Armory. After World War II the size of guard units in the state expanded from an average of 66 to 135 men. In addition, the amount and size of military equipment grew. The Guard eventually replaced most of its so-called "60-man" armories like St. Peter&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>The St. Peter Armory was used by the National Guard until about 1983 when a new armory was completed at the northern edge of the city. The former armory became a sales office for an athletic equipment manufacturer. The Armory was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. In March of 2014 the property was for sale.</p><br>
<p>Tam Pa Ling  is a cave in the Annamite Mountains in north-eastern Laos. It is situated at the top of Pa Hang Mountain, 1,170 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Three hominin fossils have been discovered in the cave: TPL1, a skull belonging to an anatomically modern human; TPL2, a mandible with both modern and archaic traits; and TPL3, a partial mandible with both modern and archaic traits. The three fossils represent three separate individuals and date from around 70,000 to 46,000 years old. The discoveries definitively established that modern humans had migrated to Southeast Asia by at least 60,000 BP.</p><br>
<h2>Location and geology</h2><br>
<p>Tam Pa Ling has a single, south-facing opening and descends 65 m to its main gallery. It is part of a network of karst caves, formed by the dissolution of limestone beds that were laid down between the Upper Carboniferous and Permian periods. The main gallery measures 30 m from north to south and 40 m from east to west.</p><br>
<h2>Fossils</h2><br>
<p>Excavations at the eastern end of the cave&#39;s main gallery, at the base of the sloped entrance, were conducted by a team of American, French and Laotian researchers starting in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The first fossil find, a hominin skull dubbed TPL1, was recovered at a depth of 2.35 m in December 2009. A mandible, TPL2, was found the following year at a depth of 2.65 m. Radiocarbon and luminescence dating of the sediments established a minimum age of 51,000 to 46,000 years, and direct uranium-thorium dating of the fossils indicated a maximum age of 63,000 years.</p><br>
<p>TPL1 includes the frontal, partial occipital, right parietal, and temporal bone, as well as the right and left maxillae and a largely complete dentition. It was identified as belonging to an anatomically modern human with distinct Sub-Saharan African features., it provides the earliest skeletal evidence for the presence of Homo sapiens in mainland Southeast Asia.</p><br>
<p>The TPL2 mandible was found lower down in the same stratigraphic unit as TPL1, and represents a mature adult that combines archaic human features such as a robust mandibular corpus and small overall size, with modern human traits like a developed chin.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, researchers recovered the partial mandible of a third fossil find, TPL3, at a depth of 5.0 m, from the same area as the previous finds. The bone fragment likely belonged to an adult. Like TPL2, TPL3 exhibits a mix of archaic and anatomically modern human traits, exhibiting modern human features such as having a developed chin but not having a robust mandibular corpus; however, TPL3 also retains archaic human features such as having a broad anterior mandibular arch. Luminescence dating of the TPL3 sediment layer provides a date range from around 70,000 to 48,000 years old.</p><br>
<h3>Significance</h3><br>
<p>The timing of modern human migration from Africa to East Asia is not known with certainty; because bone is poorly preserved in tropical climates, human fossils from the region are rare. Recent discoveries in China, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Australia had previously established that archaic human fossils were present between 125,000 and 100,000 BP, and those of modern humans from about 40,000 BP. The discovery of the fully modern TPL1 specimen was therefore considered a major discovery because it filled in a 60,000-year gap in the fossil record, demonstrating the presence of modern humans in Southeast Asia from at least 60,000 BP. Additionally, as Tam Pa Ling lies a thousand miles inland, the finds challenged previous assumptions that humans migrated out of Africa by following coastlines. They suggest that the migration may also have proceeded along river valleys, which served as natural corridors through the continent.</p><br>
<p>The fossils were temporarily removed to the United States for study by paleoanthropologist Laura Shackleford, Fabrice Demeter and the team. In April 2016 they were returned to Laos, and are now housed in a new building of the Lao National Museum in Vientiane.</p><br>
<p>The Statesboro City Hall and Fire Station  is a historic structure in Statesboro, Georgia. It is located at the corner of Siebald Street and Courtland Street, immediately northeast of the courthouse square. It is a one-story brick building of commercial design. It was built in 1911 as the city stables and remodeled several times. In 1933 there was a major addition and the whole structure may have been rebuilt. The city government and fire department once occupied this building. An awning was added before 1966 and a vehicle bay was added in 1970.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 6, 1989. The Statesboro City Hall is now located in the former Jaeckel Hotel building. The building was demolished before 1997.</p><br>
<p>The South Reading Schoolhouse is a historic school building at Tyson and Bartley Roads in Reading, Vermont. Built in 1834, it is a distinctive example of the regional "snecked masonry" style, and the oldest known structure of the style to survive. It was used as a school until 1970, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The South Reading Schoolhouse stands in central southern Reading, just west of the rural village of South Reading at the junction of Tyler and Bartley Roads. It is a two-story stone structure, with gabled roof topped by a square belfry with pyramidal roof. Although nominally Greek Revival in style, it is nearly devoid of ornamentation due to its stone construction. The building ends are two bays wide, and the sides four, with sash windows in rectangular openings, and the main entrance in the leftmost bay of the facade facing Tyson Road. A wood frame shed is attached to the west side of the building. The interior consists of two large classroom spaces, one on each floor, with an enclosed stairway on one side. Original floorboards have been covered with modern maple flooring, and the walls are wainscoted and plastered.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1834, probably by Clark Wardner and John Adams, two known practitioners of the "snecked masonry" style. This method of construction, regionally localized to southern Windsor County, consists of constructing a rubble wall finished with vertically laid slabs of granite, which were readily split from local rock formations. Although the outer layer is in some sense a veneer, in this construction technique they actually form an integral part of the load-bearing aspect of the wall. The technique is believed to have been brought in by Scottish immigrant masons in the early 1830s. This schoolhouse, one of two built in Reading in 1834, are one of the earliest uses of the technique; the oldest documented use, a factory building in Cavendish built in 1832, is no longer standing.</p><br>
<p>Tyden Farm No. 6 Farmstead Historic District is an agricultural historic district located east of Dougherty, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>At the time of its nomination it consisted of 24 resources, which included eight contributing buildings, two contributing structures, one non-contributing building, and 13 non-contributing structures. The historic buildings include the farmhouse (1910), wash house and possible summer kitchen (c. 1910), auto garage (C. 1936), the massive gambrel roofed barn (1936), feed shed (1936), machine shed (1936), hen house (1940), and the hog house (1941). The unique drive-thru corn crib (1936) and the water tower (c. 1920) are the structures. The large farmhouse is a rural vernacular form of the American Foursquare known as the Cornbelt Cube. It is a two story frame structure capped by a hip roof. It has an odd wing on the northwest side that houses the main kitchen on the first floor and a bedroom on the second.</p><br>
<h2>Emil Tyden</h2><br>
<p>This was one of eight farms in Floyd and Butler Counties owned by Emil Tyden, a native of Sweden who immigrated to Moline, Illinois in 1882. He eventually worked for the Union Pacific Railroad where he noticed the inefficiency of sealing boxcars. He developed and patented the "Tyden Self-Locking Seal," a tamper-proof device that fit any boxcar locking mechanism. He made a fortune from his invention, opening a factory in Hastings, Michigan. While remaining in Hastings Tyden began to acquire farms in North Central Iowa in 1915, and his holdings grew to almost 2,500 acre. He hired resident farm managers and hired hands to operate each farm. Tyden modernized the farms and employed "new agriculture" methods espoused by Iowa State College in Ames that made extensive use of science and technology to improve farming methods and production. He continued to maintain and expand his holdings during the economic downturn in farming in the 1920s and the Great Depression. Tyden bought this farm in 1936, and began making improvements. In 1941 he released all his employees after the harvest and leased the farms out to farmers to run as they saw fit. Tyden died in 1951. He still owned Farm No. 6, and it remained in the family until 1994. The farm is now part of the Silos & Smokestacks National Heritage Area and houses farming exhibits and tours.</p><br>
<p>Wildwood Park Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Charles City, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Charles City acquired the land for the park in 1912 from E.M. and Gertrude Sherman. It had been part of the Sherman Nursery Company property. Initially, it was used as a pleasure grounds before a nine-hole golf course was added on the central and eastern part of the park in 1916. W. E. Fryer of Charles City designed the park&#39;s initial development plan. Part of this plan included the American Craftsman rest houses. The Charles City County Club was established in 1926 and maintained the golf course and built the Tudor Revival clubhouse in 1927. The clubhouse was designed by Waterloo architect Mortimer B. Cleveland. The country club was almost forced to disband during the Great Depression, and the clubhouse housed German Prisoners of War during World War II. The country club reorganized after the war and built a facility of their own on the east side of town.</p><br>
<p>During the Depression the Works Progress Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps built two footbridges, the entrance gate and wall, and a retaining wall near the gate. The amenities were built using limestone in the park rustic style. The western side of the park has four picnic areas with playground equipment from the late 1940s. The equipment, which replaced older versions from 1919, are grouped together as the historic object.</p><br>
<p>Fourknocks Passage Tomb is a passage grave and National Monument located in County Meath, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>is located 2.7 km northwest of Naul, near a hilltop overlooking the Delvin River. The placename means either "cold hill" or "bare/exposed hill."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fourknocks Passage Tomb dates to 3000–2500 BC.</p><br>
<p>It was unknown to archaeology until 1949, when a woman making a visit to Newgrange mentioned, "there are mounds like this on my uncle’s farm." and is not marked on any of the old Ordnance Survey maps. It was first excavated in 1950-52 by PJ Hartnett. He found cists, grave goods including a foot bowl and a carved antler pin, urns containing cremated remains and a posthole. Unlike other passage graves, the tomb at Fourknocks is not believed to have been covered over with stones. A wooden pole may have held up a wooden or animal-skin roof.</p><br>
<p>During reconstruction after excavation a concrete roof was placed over the chamber for protection.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Fourknocks has a short passage leading into a wide, pear-shaped chamber with three smaller offset chambers. The original roof was probably a wooden structure supported by a central pole.</p><br>
<p>Two of the lintels have chevron decoration and one of them has lozenge decoration.</p><br>
<p>Two other mounds in the Fourknocks complex were excavated. One of these likely served as the cremation site for the bones found in the main tomb and was used for later interments.</p><br>
<p>The Walton Common banjo enclosure is a banjo enclosure on Walton Common, to the north of Walton in Gordano, Somerset, England.</p><br>
<p>It appears to date to the late Iron Age, and may have been a high-status settlement.</p><br>
<p>The term "banjo" refers to the shape. It is a round enclosure approached by a straight avenue, with the enclosure and avenue bounded by banks and ditches.</p><br>
<p>The banks have been worn down and the ditches filled in over time, so it is scarcely noticeable from the ground.</p><br>
<p>It showed up on photographs from the air taken in 1930 and 1946.</p><br>
<p>Since then the site has become more overgrown and is hard to detect even from the air.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The enclosure is on the Walton Down at ST 4289 7377, to the northeast of village of Walton in Gordano.</p><br>
<p>The earthwork banks and ditch were detected from aerial photographs from 1930 and 1946.</p><br>
<p>Since then many of the features have been hidden by encroaching vegetation.</p><br>
<p>The earthworks are obscured by gorse, scrub, brambles and small bushes.</p><br>
<p>They have been affected by ant hills, which often are found on former pastures, and by a rabbit warren from the Middle Ages.</p><br>
<p>Two round Bronze Age barrows were found in a 1931 field survey on Walton Down near to the banjo enclosure.</p><br>
<p>Similar banjo enclosures elsewhere have been dated to the middle and late Iron Age.</p><br>
<p>The enclosure may have been used to hold livestock or for a seasonal pastoral settlement.</p><br>
<p>Earthworks of this form found in Ireland were used as sheep pens.</p><br>
<p>However, recent research suggests that most banjo enclosures were settlement sites, and may have been occupied by people of high status.</p><br>
<p>The enclosure is one of just four that have been noted in Somerset by English Heritage, and is the easiest to see from the ground since the land has not been farmed for many years.</p><br>
<p>It can be accessed by a medieval pathway that crosses the site.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The enclosure is oval, about 100 m along the WSW-ENE axis and 88 m along the NNW-SSE axis.</p><br>
<p>It contains an area of about 70 m&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The enclosure is surrounded by a rampart of limestone blocks, mainly less than 2.5 ft high.</p><br>
<p>The inner bank is from 2 to 3 m wide, with an outer ditch from 1 to 2 m wide.</p><br>
<p>The ditch is now about 9 in deep and the banks now average 0.3 m in height.</p><br>
<p>There are entrances on the south and north east sides, approached by paths between parallel banks.</p><br>
<p>Two parallel banks extend 150 m in a WSW-ENE direction from the ENE side.</p><br>
<p>They are both about 2 m wide, and are 8.5 to 9 m apart.</p><br>
<p>A linear NE-SW earth bank crosses the end of the avenue formed by these bank at right angles, with a 4 m gap in the centre.</p><br>
<p>It is about 3 m wide and 81 m long.</p><br>
<p>The 1946 photograph shows what is probably a bomb crater in the ENE avenue.</p><br>
<p>There is a rhomboidal enclosure about 46 by of earth banks and ditches about 70 m southwest of the centre of the banjo enclosure, at ST 4295 7373.</p><br>
<p>The Central Park–North Main Street Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Charles City, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The buildings were built from 1877 to 1914, and with one exception, are masonry. The one exception is a frame house. Most of the buildings are two stories in height. The exceptions are 1½-story Carnegie library and two large limestone buildings that are three stories in height. The district is L-shaped, starting at the Cedar River and including the buildings on the west side of North Main Street up to and including Central Park, the town square. There are also three buildings on the west side of the square along North Jackson Street.</p><br>
<p>Eidsvold Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead at Eidsvold Road, Eidsvold, North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1850. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Eidsvold Homestead established in 1850 by the Archer family, a well-known family of early Queensland pastoralist explorers. It is one of the earliest homesteads in Queensland and one of the first homesteads in the Burnett region. The homestead complex is an agglomeration of many built structures of disparate architectural styles and from different eras is typical of the way in which homesteads evolved.</p><br>
<p>The original slab hut which may date to 1850, is a particularly good example of the earliest type of station housing. It may have been built by the Archers themselves.</p><br>
<p>A "second" home, forming part of a complex of several buildings commenced in the late nineteenth century, is an example of the housing type that prevailed, at the time, on more established properties in Western Queensland. It has a central core of rooms that opens to wide verandas via French doors. Vine covered trellises extend the veranda roof to provide added shade and coolness.</p><br>
<p>Francis Ivory, a member of the Queensland Legislative Council, resided on the property in this late 19th century home.</p><br>
<p>A detached building was erected along this building&#39;s eastern veranda between the first and second world wars. It is built in the popular Queensland Bungalow style of the 1920s and 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The property is also significant as the station on which the well-known and successful Santa-Gertrudis breed of cattle was first introduced to Australia in 1955.</p><br>
<p>Finally, the architect-designed 1967 homestead is a product of the more prosperous later years of the station. It is a good example of the work of prominent Queensland-born architect, Guildford Bell.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Eidsvold Homestead today is a complex of buildings set in established gardens. The 1848 slab house is located at the western end of the homestead yard; the complex of buildings which form the second house are situated in the centre; and the 1967 house is at the eastern end. The property is situated on the Burnett River and is approached from the town of Eidsvold via a bridge across this river. The entrance drive sweeps in from the southwest, veering east along the southern perimeter of the main homestead yard and north to the outbuildings.</p><br>
<h3>Slab house</h3><br>
<p>The 1850s slab house, probably built by the Archer brothers, is the earliest house within the homestead yard. It is located adjacent to the south-western end of an early tennis court, which is surfaced with ant bed and enclosed by a high chain-wire fence. The slab building is in an excellent state of repair. It is rectangular in plan with a central core of rooms enclosed by vertical timber slab walls and surrounded by a wide verandah, which is enclosed along all but the south-eastern corner. The central core has a steeply pitched gabled roof while the surrounding verandah has a shallower pitched skillion roof. The house has a corrugated galvanised iron roof but was previously clad with shingles. These are visible on the underside of the roof. At the western end of the house a tank and a small structure which could be a kitchen or wash-house are located outside the verandah edge. The house and verandah have a wooden floor. Internally the house is furnished in the manner of a residence in the latter half of the 19th century. It functions primarily as a house museum.</p><br>
<h3>The second homestead</h3><br>
<p>The second homestead comprises a complex of five buildings, which are located to the west/south-west of the 1967 dwelling. Three of these structures are connected with stairs or covered ways. The buildings exhibit a variety of size, scale and architectural styles, reflecting the development of the complex over a number of years.</p><br>
<p>The core of this complex is a s/1890s house with a steeply pitched hipped roof and stepped surrounding verandahs. The building is rectangular in plan, with its long axis running north-east to south-west. A central core of rooms is roofed with galvanised corrugated iron. The wide verandahs surrounding this central core are separately roofed at a lower pitch. A number of french doors open onto these verandahs. The house is elevated on stumps approximately 1500mm to 1800mm above ground level. It is open underneath and access is provided via a staircase on the southern corner. Verandah railings are limited to a timber rail at around 900mm above the floor level with an infilling of mesh over which a creeper has grown. The house is extensively clothed in a range of creepers climbing over trellises from ground level, particularly on the south-western and north-eastern corners. Also on the south-western corner a vine covered trellis extends from the verandah head beam. This extension of the width of the verandah roof with vine covered trellises was typical of house construction in the latter years of the nineteenth century as residents strove to shade and cool their living areas.</p><br>
<p>Attached to this house along its eastern verandah is a substantial extension elevated a similar height above the ground which appears from its architectural detail to have been built between the first and second world wars. The conjoining of these structures of two distinctly different architectural styles typifies the continuing pragmatic realities of life in the relatively isolated communities of western Queensland&#39;s grazing lands</p><br>
<p>This addition is built in the interwar "Queensland Bungalow" style. Rectangular in plan also, its ridge line runs at right angles to that of the late 19th century house. Again the roof shape is hipped but not at so steep a pitch. An open front verandah runs along the south- western elevation terminated by an enclosed room which runs the full width of the south-eastern elevation. A similar verandah runs along the north-western elevation but this verandah is enclosed with mesh fixed to a timber frame. Both verandahs have separate skillion roofs of galvanised corrugated iron along the full length of the long axis of this extension. A bay window extension fully fenestrated with casement windows is located centrally in the south-eastern elevation. Further sets of casement windows are set one on each side of this bay extension and are shaded by separate sunhoods. The external cladding to this house is chamfer boards. The stumps under are now concrete with decorative scalloped battened sections infilling between the perimeter stumps. Typical of this style of house, gardens are set around the perimeter of the house under the edge of the floor and are partially shaded from the worst of the heat of the sun by the decorative battening between the posts. The vines on the trellises of the colonial house merge with a dense cover of creeper along the north-eastern elevation of the extension. An elevated tank stand is positioned at the southern corner of this house, again with a garden underneath it.</p><br>
<p>The other buildings in this complex are low-set single gable buildings clad with weatherboard and roofed with corrugated galvanised iron sheeting. The larger of these buildings also have extended verandah skillions as part of their roof forms. The first of these buildings, now used as an office, sits to the front of the elevated complex and towards the western corner. It is rectangular in shape and has a moderately pitched open-ended gable roof with the ridge line along a south-east to north-west axis. A lower section of roof is located on the eastern end of the building. A veranda at ground level is located at the opposite corner. It has a substantial flagstone path leading from it. It is not physically connected to the rest of the building complex.</p><br>
<p>To the rear (north-west) of the 19th century house are a further two smaller structures, both aligned south-east to north-west. Both are clad in weatherboards and are gable roofed. A verandah at the southern corner of the larger structure is connected via a covered walkway and stair to the colonial house. There is another small verandah on the opposite (northern) corner of this building. A small simple building, now used as a laundry, is located close to this corner but is detached from the group.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are nestled within a canopy of mature shady trees with extensive shrub and ground cover under-planting. An old bottle tree, Brachychiton rupestre, grows among this vegetation.</p><br>
<h3>The 1967 residence</h3><br>
<p>The 1967 residence is the most easterly of the structures in the complex. It is set behind a semicircular pathway which defines the edge of its front garden. The house is a low set construction, rectangular in plan, raised three steps above ground level and clad with vertical timber planking with a natural finish. This is reminiscent in character of the first slab hut on the property. Ventilation is achieved using floor to ceiling door and window openings, some louvred. The roof is low pitched in a simple open gable form with the ridge running along the length of the rectangular plan. The semicircular pathway in front of the house edges a well maintained lawn area in which is located a raised concrete edged pond. The surface of the pond is covered with a variety of water plants and large ornamental rocks are arranged within the pond.</p><br>
<h3>Ancillary structures</h3><br>
<p>To the west of the main homestead complex there is a line of trees which screens the view to the working structures of the station property from the residential area. These working buildings include a number of older buildings such as stables and yards fenced with slip rail fencing. These are not included within the heritage register boundary. Behind this complex again a line of established shady trees encloses the western boundary of this space. Beyond this are a number of more modern structures, including men&#39;s quarters and sheds.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Eidsvold Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>As one of the earliest homesteads in Queensland and one of the first homesteads in the Burnett region, the Eidsvold Homestead is important in illustrating the pattern and nature of pastoral settlement in this district.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The homestead complex contains examples of housing from three stages of station development.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The homestead complex has aesthetic importance as a picturesque and rustic place set in a rural environment.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The homestead is associated with the Archer brothers, Francis Ivory, and the introduction of Santa-Gertrudis cattle.</p><br>
